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Fall 2017 > Imaging Notes > Flashcards

Imaging Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic projection for the Acromioclavicular joint?

A

AP, bilateral without weights

AP, bilateral with weights

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2
Q

What are the basic projections for the shoulder?

A

AP external rotation

AP internal rotation

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3
Q

What is the normal distance between the clavicle and the coracoid process?

A

1.0- 1.3cm

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4
Q

what is the normal distance between the clavicle and the acromion?

A

0.3- 0.8cm

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5
Q

What are the routine radiologic evaluation of the scapula?

A

AP

Lateral

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6
Q

What are the common radiograph views for a shoulder dislocation?

A

Axillary view and the scapular Y lateral view

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7
Q

What are the fundamental tenets of musculoskeletal MRI for any joint?

A

Define anatomy

Detect abnormal fluid

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8
Q

What are the ABCDS of MRI

A 
Alignment
Bone signal
Cartilage
Edema
Soft tissue and synovial fluid
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9
Q

Fractures of the body of the scapula are usually the result of ?

A

a direct blow or violent trauma and are relatively rare

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10
Q

What are the basic projections of the elbow?

A

AP
Lateral
Obliques

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11
Q

What are the basic projections of the hand?

A

PA
Lateral
Obliques

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12
Q

What are the basic projections of the wrist?

A

PA
Lateral
Oblique

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13
Q

The degree of severity of degeneration will affect the ability of the spine to withstand what ?

A
  • trauma
  • to assume postural changes
  • make functional gains in mobility and movement patterns
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14
Q

What is an example of a direct trauma to the spine?

A

Hit directly on the spine like getting hit with a bat

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15
Q

What is an example of indirect trauma to the spine?

A

Severe fall or car accident

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16
Q

What should physical evaluations of the spine include besides a diagnostic study?

A

Ligamentous stability test are very important to include after a trauma

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17
Q

What are the basic projections of the cervical spine?

A

AP open mouth
AP lower C- spine
Lateral
Right and left oblique

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18
Q

Why is the AP open mouth view important?

A

This view demonstrates the articulation of C1 and C2

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19
Q

What would indicate ligamentous laxity or tear, fracture, or dislocation of the atlantoaxial joint?

A

Any alterations of landmarks in the AP openmouthed view

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20
Q

What is important about the C2-C3 articulation and T1?

A

C2-C3 possesses the first intervertebral disk

T1 possesses the first rib articulation

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21
Q

What is the lateral view of the cervical spine good for?

A

evaluating the intervertebral disks space

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22
Q

Right and left obliques of the cervical spine are good for showing what?

A

intervertebral foramina

23
Q

What is the lateral; flexion and extension stress view used for?

A

to examine the joints at the end ranges of voluntary flexion nd extension

24
Q

What are the ABCDS of MRI for the spine?

A 
Alignment
Bone signal
Canal space/ Central nervous system
Disk integrity
Soft tissues
25
Q

What is the main projection for TMJ?

A

Transcranial view

26
Q

Why would imaging of the cervical spine be included in the assessment of TMJ disorders?

A
  • Pain associated with TMJ is usually in the sensory distribution of C2, C3, and C4 dermatomes
  • Postion of sub cranial joints can influence the biomechanics of the TMJ
27
Q

Chain of events that occur with the loss of cervical lordosis:

A

Mid cervical lordosis is flattened of reversed with forward head position

  • leads to a shift of load from lower cervical to midcervical and sub cranial spine
  • premature osteoarthritic changes of the facet joint
  • increased incidence of headaches
28
Q

What are the basic projections for the thoracic spine?

A

AP thoracic spine

Lateral thoracic spine

29
Q

What are the basic projection of the sternum?

A

Posterior oblique

Lateral

30
Q

What are the basic projections of the ribs?

A

AP or PA

Anterior oblique or Posterior oblique

31
Q

What does the AP and PA view of the ribs show?

A

AP shows the posterior ribs

PA shows the anterior ribs

32
Q

What does the oblique rib projection show?

A

Axillary ribs

33
Q

What imaging is generally used now for the thoracic and lumbar spines after a blunt trauma?

34
Q

What is the primary modality to evaluate neural compromise, cord edema, cord contusion, epidural hematoma or ligamentous disruption?

35
Q

What is Risser’s sign of skeletal maturity?

A
  • 1+ indicates an excursion of the apophysis over 25% of the crest
  • 2+ means 50% of the crest is “capped”
  • 3+ is 75% is capped
  • 4+ is 100% capped
  • 5+ indicates osseous fusion is complete
36
Q

What is the Cobb method of measurement?

A

The Cobb method is a widely accepted radiographic measurement of scoliotic curves

37
Q

What is the general treatment guidelines for idiopathic scoliosis?

A
  • Patients with curves of minimal magnitude: no active treatment; just observation
  • Patients with curves between 20 and 40 degrees: spinal bracing and exercise for several months
  • Patients with curves over 50 degrees: surgical fixation
38
Q

What are the basic projection of the chest?

A

PA

Left Lateral

39
Q

What does a PA view of the chest show?

A

Lung fields from the apices down to the costophrenic angles, air filled trachea, the heart, the great vessels, and the bony thorax

40
Q

What structures are best seen from the left lateral view of the chest

A
  • Heart
  • Aorta
  • Posterier tracheal wall
  • Posterior esophageal wall
  • Left lung
41
Q

What information can echocardiography provide?

A

information on abnormalities in the pattern of blood flow, cardiac output and ejection fractions, function of the valves, thickness and motion of the heart wall etc.

42
Q

What are the basic projections of the lumbar spine?

A

AP
Lateral
Right and left obliques
Lateral L5-S1

43
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

only a fracture on one side “dog with collar”

44
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A

both sides have fractured and separated “dead dog”

45
Q

What is the basic projection of the Pelvis?

46
Q

What is the basic projection of the hip and proximal femur?

A

AP

Lateral Frog leg

47
Q

What are the basic projections of the knee?

A

AP
Lateral
PA axial “tunnel”
Tangential view “sunrise”

48
Q

What does the PA axial “tunnel” view of the knee show?

A

detects loose bodies in the joint, and possible osteochondral defects

49
Q

What is considered to be the most commonly injured, major weight bearing joint in the body?

50
Q

why can subtle ankle and foot fractures be missed in initial examinations?

A

because the subtle fractures can be very similar to ankle sprains

51
Q

What are the basic projections of the ankle?

A

AP
AP oblique
Lateral

52
Q

What are the basic projections of the foot?

A

AP
Lateral
Oblique

53
Q

What are accessory bones?

A

an anomalous bone that usually form because of a failure of one or more ossification centers to unite with the main mass of bone

54
Q

What are the most commonly occurring accessory bones of the foot?

A

os trigonum
os intermetatarseum
os tibiale

Fall 2017 (5 decks)

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