Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall 2017 > Fundamentals Of Imaging > Flashcards

Fundamentals Of Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What does CT image best?

A
  • subtle fractures or complex fractures
  • evaluating degenerative changes
  • multiple injuries to both osseous and soft tissue structures can be determined from one imaging series
  • evaluation of spinal stenosis
  • condition of intervertebral disk
  • evaluation of loose bodies in a joint
  • less time consuming
  • accurate measurements of osseous alignment in any plane
  • less expensive
  • not claustrophobic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the general advantages of ultrasound?

A 
Low cost
portability
no contraindications
not limited by orthogonal planes
continuous modification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the abnormal characteristics of tendons and ligaments on an ultrasound?

A

Strains: thickening of mixed echogenicity
Ruptures: disruption of structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the abnormal characteristics of surface cortical bone on an ultrasound?

A

break in continuity, uneven surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the abnormal characteristics of muscle on an ultrasound?

A

muscle strain: disruption of fibrous bands

Rupture: retraction of muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is considered the gold standard that all new imaging technologies are measured against?

A

Film/ screen radiography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Radiolucent is defined as?

A

Easily penetrated by x-rays.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fracture line can be?

A

Transverse
Longitudinal
Oblique
Spiral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a complete fracture?

A

A fracture in which all vortices of the bone have been disrupted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some different forms of CT?

A

3D CT
CT myelogram
Cone beam computed tomography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The order of radiodensity of body matter:

A

Air (black)
Fat (gray-black)
Water (gray)
Bone (white)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

MR imaging characteristics for inflammation:

A

T1 low signal intensity

T2 high signal intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why can an MRI detect an injury that is not visible on a CT or radiograph?

A

The injury can leave a bone bruise as a “footprint”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is three- dimensional CT?

A

Presents 3D images of body parts that can be rotated in space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is one factor known to reduce error?

A

Communication between the clinical and radiologist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

General components of a radiologic report:

A 
Heading
Clinical information
Findings
Conclusions/ Impressions
Recommendations
Signature of radiologist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is fluoroscopy?

A

Fluoroscopy is a dynamic or continuous radiographic examination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Evaluation of Alignment:

A

General Skeletal architecture
General contour of bone
Alignment of bones to adjacent bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the advantages of MRI over CT?

A

Greater resolution for soft tissue imaging
No radiation
Less risk of missing disease processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is doppler ultrasound used for?

A

To measure blood flow in an artery or a vein.

Often used to rule out DVT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a radiograph?

A

A radiograph has been defined for over a century as an x-ray film containing an image of part of a patient’s anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why are stress fractures difficult to diagnose?

A

Because the fracture line or periosteal reaction may not be evident for up to 6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Evaluation of Cartilage spaces:

A

Joint space width
Subchondral bone
Epiphyseal plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does MRI image best:

A

Display of soft tissue detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Tissue origins used to classify tumors:

A 
Bone
Marrow
Cartilage
Nerves
Fat
Fibrous
Unknown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is malunion?

A

Fracture has successfully united but a degree of angular or rotary deformity exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is slow union?

A

The rate of union, although slow, may be average or normal given he significant factors involved.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the ABCS of radiologic analysis?

A

A: Alignment
B: Bone density
C: Cartilage spaces
S: Soft tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Two types if trauma that can cause fractures:

A

Direct and indirect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the pitfalls of image interpretation?

A

Errors ! Errors of observation or errors of interpretation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the different projections?

A

Anteroposterior (AP)
Posteroanterior (PA)
Lateral
Oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The MRI are actually what type of images?

A

They are slices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Direct forces that can cause a fracture:

A

Tapping
Crushing
Penetrating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Radiopaque is defined as?

A

Not easily penetrated by x-rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is nonunion?

A

Fracture fragments fail to unite and the processes of bone repair have ceased completely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Salter- Harris classification of epiphyseal fractures:

A

Type I-V
Rang’s Type VI
Ogden’s Types VII, VIII, IX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are errors in interpretation?

A

Errors in interpretation can be linked to the practitioner’s failure to link abnormal radiologic signs to relevant clinical data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are disadvantages of ultrasound over MRI?

A

limited ability to show joint surfaces and interarticular structures
only shows cortical outline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Result of contiguous dissemination of a pathogen from an open fracture or surgical fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

MR imaging characteristics of muscle:

A

T1 intermediate signal intensity

T2 intermediate signal intensity

41
Q

Indirect forces that can cause fractures:

A 
Bending
Torsion
Compression + bending
Compression + bending+ torsion
Traction
42
Q

What makes a structure hypo echoic?

A

the structure reflects little energy

43
Q

Categories of skeletal pathology:

A 
Congenital
Inflammatory
Metabolic
Neoplastic
Traumatic
Vascular
44
Q

Interventional radiology:

A

Radiologists diagnose and treat disease nonoperatively

45
Q

Why do clinicians need to view diagnostic images?

A
  • A more comprehensive evaluation is obtained
  • The information the clinician seeks is often of a different nature from the information the physician seeks and of a different nature from what may be described in the radiologist’s report
46
Q

What is avascular necrosis?

A

Exists when the blood supply to a bone or segment of a bone is compromised, leading to localized bone death

47
Q

What are stress fractures also known as?

A

Microfractures, fatigue fractures, and insufficiency fractures

48
Q

What is radiodensity?

A

Radiodensity is the combination of physical qualities of an object that determine how much radiation it absorbs from the x-ray beam.

49
Q

What is the most common disorder of the musculoskeletal system evaluated by radiology?

A

Trauma: fractures and dislocations makeup the majority of traumatic conditions

50
Q

What are the limitations of MRI?

A

Length of time needed to produce an image

51
Q

What does T1 imaging provide?

A

T1 imaging provides images of good anatomical detail, displaying the tissues in a fairly balanced manner

52
Q

What is an ultrasound?

A

it is a cross sectional imaging method based on sound waves reflected off tissue interfaces

53
Q

Magnetic resonance image:

A

A cross- sectional imaging technology that uses a magnetic field and radiofrequency signals to cause hydrogen nuclei to emit their own signals, which then are converted to images by a computer

54
Q

How are tumors classified?

A

By their tissue of origin

55
Q

Views of MR images:

A

Coronal images are viewed from the front
Axial images are viewed from below
Sagittal images are viewed from left to right for either side of the body

56
Q

What is a big imaging difference between CT/ radiographs and MRI?

A

Structures that appear bright on radiographs and CT typically appear dark on MRI

57
Q

What is it called when a structure reflects no energy?

A

anechoic

58
Q

Radiodensities on a CT image:

A

Dense structures appear white or a light shade of gray whereas less dense structures appear dark

59
Q

Evaluation of bone density:

A

General bone density
Textural abnormalities
Local bone density changes

60
Q

MRI imaging characteristics of ligament and tendon:

A

T1 Low signal intensity

T2 Low signal intensity

61
Q

Life threatening complications of fractures:

A 
Hemorrhage (most common)
Fat embolism
Pulmonary Embolism
Gas Gangrene
Tetanus
62
Q

What is a fracture?

A

A fracture is a break in the structural continuity of bone or cartilage

63
Q

What is the contrast used for an MRI?

A

Gadolinium

64
Q

For patients involved in high velocity injuries the trauma survey will include?

A

“Cross- table lateral” of the cervical spine
Anteroposterior chest
AP pelvis
Possible additions: CT of the head, cervical spine, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, with or without contrast

65
Q

How can an MRI potentially detect a stress fracture?

A

In a T2 weighted image a stress reaction can be seen

66
Q

How is ultrasound used in rehabilitation?

A

physical therapists employ ultrasound imaging for diagnosing musculoskeletal disorders

67
Q

Other common studies in musculoskeletal imaging:

A

Contrast- enhanced radiographs
Conventional tomography
Computed tomography
Nuclear imaging

68
Q

What is pseudoarthrosis?

A

Abnormal condition associated with nonunion. “False joint” may form between the ends and be surrounded by a burial sac containing synovial fluid.

69
Q

What is the purpose of a routine or standard radiographic examination?

A

To provide the most visualization of anatomy with the least number of radiographs and thus to expose the patient to minimal radiation

70
Q

Why does a comminuted fracture not always have a clear fracture line?

A

Because it is a fracture with more than two fragments

71
Q

What are the two other shade of gray on an x-ray?

A 
Contrast media (bright white outline)
Heavy metals (solid white)
72
Q

MR imaging characteristics for stress fractures:

A

T1 low signal intensity with a dark band

T2 high signal intensity with a dark band

73
Q

What is delayed union?

A

Fracture fails to unite in the time frame usually required for union

74
Q

What is T2 imaging valuable for?

A

Detecting inflammation

75
Q

Healing time frame for no operative extremity fracture:

A

4-8 weeks

76
Q

What is reduction?

A

Restoring fragments to their normal an atomic positions

77
Q

What is the difference between and open fracture and a closed fracture?

A

With an open fracture the skin is perforated regardless of the size of the wound. A closed fracture the skin remains intact

78
Q

What is an incomplete fracture?

A

Only one portion of the cortex is disrupted

79
Q

What is bone length discrepancy?

A

Some fracture healing can result in unacceptable shortening of bone length

80
Q

How can interventional procedures be grouped?

A

Vascular and nonvascular procedures

81
Q

Define decubitus:

A

It is both a body positioned on a horizontal surface and the use of a horizontal x-ray beam

82
Q

What is the first imaging procedure to be done following the clinical examination?

A

Conventional radiography

83
Q

What are the advantages of CT over MRI?

A 
Less expensive
More common
Faster times
Not as affected by motion
Greater resolution for Cortical bone
84
Q

What does “one view is no view” mean?

A

A single radiograph provides only two dimensions: length and width. The third dimension, depth, is compensated for by viewing a second radiograph projected at a 90 degree angle to the first image.

85
Q

What is an example of interventional radiology?

A

Catheters, guide wires, needles, cannula, balloons, stents, and other devices are placed under the guidance of imaging to perform procedures that are often alternatives to surgery

86
Q

When will bone fracture?

A

When the imposed load exceeds the bone’s tolerance

87
Q

What are errors of observation?

A

Errors of observation can be linked to incomplete or faulty search patterns.

88
Q

What is gandolinium?

A

A paramagnetic metal ion that can be used for regular MRI applications.

89
Q

Different distributions of lesions:

A

Monostotic- affecting only one bone
Polyostotic- affecting multiple bones or multiple joints
Diffuse- affecting all or nearly all bones or joints

90
Q

What is the fundamental tool of the musculoskeletal radiologist?

A

Conventional radiography

91
Q

What is primary trauma survey?

A

When imaging was performed initially in the emergency department

92
Q

What is neuroimaging?

A

Imaging of the brain, can be described in terms of structural imaging and functional imaging

93
Q

Fracture complications in other tissues:

A

Arterial injury: small %
Nerve injury: most temporary; serious associated with open fractures
Compartment syndrome: circulation and function of tissues within a closed space are compromised by increased pressure

94
Q

What is radiology?

A

Radiology is the branch of medicine concerned with radiant energy and radioactive substances including x-rays, radioactive isotopes, and ionizing radiation and the application of this information to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease.

95
Q

Evaluation of soft tissues:

A 
Muscles
Fat pads and fat lines
Joint capsules
Periosteum
Miscellaneous soft tissue findings
96
Q

What makes a structure hyper echoic?

A

the structure reflects a lot of energy

97
Q

Upright can denote?

A

Seated or standing

98
Q

What are the possible results of a routine radiographic examination?

A 
Positive 
Negative 
Negative for one but positive for another
Inconclusive
Wrong
99
Q

What is musculoskeletal imaging?

A

Musculoskeletal imaging is the sub specialty of radiology concerned with the diagnostic evaluation of the musculoskeletal system.

Fall 2017 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions