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Fall Semester DPT > Imaging Introduction > Flashcards

Imaging Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 reasons to study imaging as a PT?

  1. Adds to….?
  2. Assist with…?
    - ex: motion barriers (bone spur)
    - ex: WB/functional levels (bony callus)
    - ex: bone stimulator
  3. Contributes to….?
  4. Better….
A
  1. examination and evaluation
  2. intervention
  3. prognosis
  4. communication with involved parties
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2
Q

Which imaging device is typically the first image performed?

A

radiograph

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3
Q

A major advantage for a radiograph is being most efficient for….?

A

the initial assessment of bone or joint abnormality

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4
Q

A major disadvantage for a radiograph is being limited for…. ?

A

complex and subtle bony abnormalities

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5
Q

A radiograph is commonly referred to as _________, _________, or ___-______

A

plain films, films, or x-rays

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6
Q

At least ___ images at ______° are needed to view all 3 dimenisions for a radiograph

A

2; 90

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7
Q

__________ typically have irregular edges, whereas _________ bones have smooth round edges

A

fractures; sesamoid

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8
Q

A. ?
B. ?
C. ?

A

A. fracture
B. fracture
C. sesamoid bone

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9
Q

The routine for radiographic exam is…

a __________ of position and views

minimize ________ exposure

has a projection of __-_____ beams
- AP> ____

lateral

oblique

A

standardization

radial

x-ray

PA

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10
Q

Process of an x-ray:

X-ray beam enters the ______

It is absorbed by __________ at differing amounts

It produces a shade of ______

Lastly, the x-ray beam emerges from the patient onto an ________ ________ or image receptor

A

body

tissues

gray

interpretation device

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11
Q

Understanding the radiograph:

It is the inverse relationship between ________ and _________ density

A

radiodensity; radiograph

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12
Q

Radiograph colors

Air is _______

Fat and bone marrow- ____/_____

Water; muscle and soft tissue- _____

Bone- _____

Contrast dyes- _________

Metal- ________

A

black

black/gray

gray

white

bright white

solid white

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13
Q

Radiograph Colors

  1. ?
  2. ?
  3. ?
  4. ?
A
  1. Air
  2. Fat
  3. Water
  4. Bone
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14
Q

With a radiograph viewing, structures that are closer to the receptor are….?

A. more accurate
B. less accurate

A

A

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15
Q

Place on viewer as if patient is facing ______, except _____/_____ images face up

A

you; toes/fnger

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16
Q

PA projection is better for viewing ________ structures

A

anterior

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17
Q

AP projection is better for viewing ________ structures

A

posterior

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18
Q

The _________ view of a radiograph is hands and feet viewed with toes or fingers pointing up

A

lateral

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19
Q

With a radiograph, you should identify at least _____ markers

A

2

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20
Q

Example of a anteroposterior graph

A

Example of a anteroposterior graph

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21
Q

What are the ABCS of radiographs?

A

A- alignment
B- bone density
C- cartilage space
D- soft tissues

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22
Q

__________ with the ABCs is general architecture/anatomy- size, number of bones, etc.

A

Alignment

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23
Q

With alignment, the general contour includes

  1. 2.
    3.
A

Spurs
Breaks
Markings

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24
Q

L picture

A.
B.

R picture

A.
B.
C.

A

L picture

A. humeral growth plates

B. avulsion fx

R picture

A. scapular ridge

B. GH fossa

C. humeral head

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25
Q
A
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26
Q

______ _______ is the contrast between bone and other tissue

A

bone density

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27
Q

_______ bone is the outer layer of bone and predominately in appendicular skeleton

A

cortical

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28
Q

_______ bone is denser and whiter

A

cortical

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29
Q

________ bone is interspersed within marrow and predominantly in axial skeleton

A

cancellous

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30
Q

_______ bone is less desnse and grayer

A

cancellous

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31
Q

What is an example of texture/local density with bone density?

A

sclerotic changes

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32
Q

______ _______ are increased bone density- may be abnormal or normal

A

sclerotic changes

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33
Q
A
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34
Q
A
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35
Q

With _______ ________ it involves narrowing

A

cartilage spaces

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36
Q

___________ bone sclerosis (body is trying to repair damaged bone) and erosion

A

Subchondral

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37
Q

________ _________ are involved with position, size, and smooth margin

A

epiphyseal plates

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38
Q

osteophytes

A
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39
Q
A
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40
Q
A
41
Q

Soft tissue components on a radiograph:

_______ wasting/edema

____ ______ displacement

________ effusion

A

muscle

fat pad

capsular

41
Q
A
42
Q
A
43
Q

With soft tissue, the ____________ bone is covering that shows up as a soft tissue shadow

A

periosteum

44
Q

With the periosteum…

_______- a slow growth of healing or infection
_______ or _______ - layered stress
_______ or _______- breakthrough due to tumor

A

solid

laminated or layered

spiculated or pointed

45
Q

What are the other 3 common MSK imaging?

A
  1. Comuted Tomography (CT)
  2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  3. Ultrasoung (US) Imaging
46
Q

____’s are images generated by computerized and targeted x-rays passing through slices of tissue (.1 to 10 mm. thick)

A

CT

47
Q

What are the major adavntages of a CT?

______ overlap of structures due to slicing
Able to locate subtle _____ _______

A

LESS; bone changes

48
Q

What are major disadvantages of CT?

________ radiation exposure but getting faster and safer

Limited with _____ _______ abnormalities

A

Greater; soft tissue

49
Q

_____’s may be used with contrast agents for even more detail

A

CT

50
Q

Which medical imaging device is standard modality for head and abdominal trauma,in the ER due to shorter scanning times and quick availability?

A

CT

51
Q

A ______ is quicker than a MRI and US

A

CT

52
Q

With a CT, you should start with a ______ image

A

Scout

53
Q

With a ______ image, you should locate specific slice position and image

A

CT

54
Q

a. scout or slice film?
b. scout or slice film?

A

a. Scout
b. Slice

55
Q

With transverse plane slices, the patient is in _______ position so the _______ surface is at the top of each image slice

A

supine; anterior

55
Q

With transverse plane slices, looking upward at the anatomic structures from below so your _____ is the patient’s _____

A

right; left

56
Q

With sagittal plane slices, it is viewed from _____ to ______

A

left; right

57
Q

With a CT, the _______ density is like x-ray regarding shades

A

tissue

58
Q

degenerative changes of the left C3/4 facet joint

A
59
Q

_____’s are strong magnetic fields with radiofrequency waves

A

MRI

60
Q

What are the similarities with CT’s

Generates ______ slices

May also be used with ______ agents for even more detail

A

thin; contrast

61
Q

An _______ has less overlap like CT with slicing

A

MRI

62
Q

Excellent qualities for MRI

_____ ______ abnormalities

_______ bone/bone marrow conditions

A

soft tissue

cancellous

63
Q

With MRI’s, it can read _______ and staging ______

A

neoplasms; metastasis

64
Q

With MRI’s, it can read ___________ lesions

A

osteochondral

65
Q

MRI fx:

early/less severe fractures are at the _________

late/severe fractures are in the ________ bone

A

periosteum

cancellous

66
Q

Left picture is what kind of fx?

Right picture is what kind of fx?

A

Left- Grade I
Right- Grade IV

67
Q

With ______’s it has no radiation like CT (high) and x-ray (low)

A

MRI

68
Q

Which medical image has a high resolution?

A

MRI

69
Q

Major disadvantages of MRI

Contraindiactions with ______ implants except for stable ______ implants

A

magnetic; joint

70
Q

Which medical imaging device is a precaution with claustrophobia?

A

MRI

71
Q

Left picture-?

Right picture-?

A

Scout image

Slice image

72
Q

With a MRI, you should look for what known areas 1st? ….

A

normal fluid

73
Q

With an MRI, if the fluid is bright, it is a _____ image

A

T2

74
Q

With an MRI, if the fluid is dark, it is a _____ image

A

T1

75
Q

A. ?
B. ?
C. ?

A

a. spinal cord
b. cerebrospinal fluid
c. L5, S1

76
Q

With a T1 image…

it has bright signals from the ___ and ____ _____

dark signals from the _______ bone and ______

BEST for demonstrating ________ definition of structure

A

fat/bone marrow

cortical/fluid

anatomical

77
Q

With a T2 image…

bright signals occur from ______ and _______

BEST for demonstrating _________ and neoplasms particularly in ________ bone

_______ and _________ have an intermediate signal and often gray with both T1 and T2- weighted images

A

fluid/water

swelling/cancellous

nerve/muscle

78
Q
A
79
Q

Which fx is this?

A

calcaneous

80
Q

___________ waves are absorbed, reflected, and diffused differently from varying tissues to construct an image

A

ultrasound

81
Q

Which medical imaging device offers real time informtion from SUPERFICIAL tissues?

A

ultrasound

82
Q

Which medical imaging device provides higher resolution for SUPERFICIAL tendon, ligament, and muscle than MRI?

A

ultrasound

83
Q

Disadvantages of ultrasound or sonography…

inability to scan ________ joint structures

image quality is highly dependent on _______

A

deeper; operator

84
Q

(brighter or darker?) signal indicates swelling, tendinosis (fibrosis/degeneration), aka hyperechoic appearance

A

brighter

85
Q

With ultrasounds, __________ borders or lack of structure indicate tears

A

irregular

86
Q

With ultrasounds, (narrow or widening) structures indicates swelling, thickening?

A

widening

87
Q

When should you recommend a imaging for a pt.?

A

hx and exam

88
Q

With imaging, CPR are _______ based with research

A

evidence

89
Q

With imaging, CPR are based on ________ and _______ decisions

A

diagnostic and prognostic

90
Q

The ___________ criteria is…

Foremost decision-making guideline
Guides choice of best imaging tool
Developed by expert radiologists
May use with or without trauma

A

Appropriateness

91
Q

What are some factors for decision making for MSK conditions?

A

age
trauma
mechanism of injury
prior sx
clinical findings

92
Q

Imaging (-) without clinical findings = ________

A

normal/asymptomatic

93
Q

If a suspicious condition e.g., acts like a fracture but x-ray (-) you should consider a more advanced and specific image, like a ____

A

CT

94
Q

Imaging is best at ruling in or out?

A

OUT!!!!!

95
Q

Imaging (+) without matching clinical findings
indicates what?

negative effect on ________ status

fear of _______

limit _______ potential

A

psychosocial

activity

rehab

96
Q
A

Fall Semester DPT (11 decks)

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