Biomechanics Final Flashcards
__________ is a description of the movement of the human body as a whole
translation of the COM
Human movement is powered by musles that ________ the limbs
rotate
Rotation of a joint is called?
angular motion
What is a common clinical example for measuring angular motion?
Goniometer
The ________ is the pivot point for what kind of motion?
axis; angular
The motion of a rotating body is ______° at the axis
0
A ____________ _____________ is a series of articulated segmented links
kinematic chain
A squat is an example of a __________ segment, rotating on a fixed _________ segment
Closed or Open Chain?
proximal; distal
closed
A soccer kick is an example of a __________ segment, rotating on a fixed _________ segment
Closed or Open Chain?
distal; proximal
open
Is a squat…
A. femoral-on-tibial movement
or
B. tibial-on-femur movement
A.
Is a soccer kick…
A. femoral-on-tibial movement
or
B. tibial-on-femur movement
B.
A _______ happens when multiple points along one rotating surface contact multiple points on another articular surface
A. slide
B. roll
C. spin
B.
A _______ happens when a single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface
A. slide
B. spin
C. roll
A.
A _______ happens when a single point on one articular surface rotates on one single point on another articular surface
A. roll
B. slide
C. spin
C.
______ is the effect of forces on the body
Kinetics
Force = ____ x _____
m x a
_______ is a push or pull that can produce/arrest/or modify movement
force
What do you measure force in?
Newtons (N)
Know this picture
Know all of these
Which force is most common and can cause a lot of damage?
shear
When somene goes into neck FLX, the anterior side of the disc _______ and the posterior side creates ________
A. shears; bends
B. compresses; tension
C. bends; tension
C.
The plastic region in the strain curve is where?
energy is lost
The blue elastic region on the strain curve is where?
energy is recovered (returns to original length)
________ indicates increasing de‐ formation under constant load
creep
Internal torque = _______ force and _______ moment arm
internal; internal
External torque = _______ force and _______ moment arm
external; external
If the IT and ET are = you have ….
static rotary equilibrium
________ = moment arm length
possessed by a particular force;
changes throughout the ROM
Leverage
________ maintains a constant length;
internal = external torque
isometric
_______ muscle shortens; internal
torque > external; rotation in direction of
activated muscle
concentric
_________ muscle lengthens (still a pulling
force) as it is being elongated by another
more dominant force; external torque >
internal; joint rotation is dictated by
external torque
eccentric
_________ muscle/muscle group initiates
or executes the particular movement (ant
tib and DF)
agonist
__________ opposite action of a
particular agonist (gastric/soleus to ant
tib)
antagonist
__________ cooperating muscles for
execution of a particular movement (FCR
FCU)
synergist
__________ 2 or more muscles
produce forces in different linear
directions – resulting torques act in same
rotatory direction.
force couple
________: path of serial locations for the IAR
Evolute
What is an measurement tool example of the average axis of rotation used?
goniometer
What do forces on the body have an impact on?
aging, trauma, prolonged immobilization, disease
With the strain/stress chart, ______ represents the increase in the tissue related to original length
X
With the strain/stress chart, ______ represents the internal resistance generated as it is resisting deformation
Y
What are the 7 synovial joints?
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Ellipsoid
- Ball-and-socket
- Plane
- Saddle
- Condyloid
With collagen, a triple helix is…
______–> _______–>________ wrap @ each
other in a spiral) called a fibril →
in ligaments and tendons these
twist @ each other again (R/L
tropchollagenic molecule, bind together microfibril, collagen fibril
With collagen, stress is always in the same
direction fibers will orient
themselves to run ________
(tendons, ligaments,
aponeuroses
parallel
With collagen, If stress in different directions it leads to an __________ lattice
effect (capsules, fascia,
interneural and intramuscular CT)
interlaced
________ is the glue that holds us together
Ground Substance
What are the two basic elements of connective tissue?
- cells and extra-cellular matrix made of fibrous components
- ground substance
_________ is made up of water-saturated matrix or gel
ground substance
_______ give physical resilience
GAGs
The _____/_______ of the
matrix: determined by the stress
that impacts the cells
composition/role
GAG is a ______ _________ (a sugar
protein complex with water
binding properties) complex)
large proteoglycan
Nutrition to the cartilage happens via _______ _______ which is a milking action
synovial fluid
Nutrition to the cartilage has type _______ collagen in varying degrees
of alignment – like scaffolding
II
Nutrition to the cartilage:
Large ________ complexes
are trapped
They attract ________ (negative charge) but ______ each other
The _______ and
hydrophilic nature of the
sugar chains help the
PGs ______cells from
outside forces.
________ the capacity for loads (decreases or increases)
proteogylycan
water; repel
stifness; protect
increases
_________ resorbs bone
osteoclasts
_______ lays down new bone
osteoblasts
______ is constantly altering its
shape/strength/density in response to
external forces
A. muscle
B. tissue
C. bone
bone
Bone ‘spurs’ or osteophytes may form
from increased ________ ________ (discal or
instability)
spinal stresses
________ are constantly synthesizing
ground substance/collagen; deposition
of salts
osteoblasts
_______ ________ is when tension and compression cycle creates a small electrical potential that stimulates bone deposition and increased density at points of stress
Wolf’s Law
With immobilization, there are marked changes in the structure and function of its
connective tissues- loss of ______, ______, _______
mass, volume, strength
With immobilization, mechanical _______ is reduced- due to level of
forces on musculoskeletal
system reduced
strength
What two factors helps with aging impact on periarticular connective tissue and bone?
physical activity and resistance training
In general aging is accompanied
by a slowing of the rate of ______
______ and _______
replacement and repair in all
periarticular tissues and bone
fibrous proteins; proteoglycan
_______ is a thin layer of connective
tissue that surrounds an individual muscle
cell/fiber
endomysium
_________ the sheath of connective tissue
surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers
(fascicle)
perimysium
________ a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue
surrounding a muscle bell
epimysium
What are the two contractile (active) proteins?
actin and myosin
Non-contractile structural proteins:
___________ within muscle fibers (cells)
supportive structures between ________
cytoskeleton
fibers
Non-contractile structural proteins play a role in ________ _______ ______ but do not contract
transmission of force
________ provides ______ tension within the muscle fiber (cell)
A. desmin; alignment
B. titin; passive
B
________ stabilizes the _______ of adjacent sacromeres
A. desmin; alignment
B. titin; passive
A
With ______ muscles the fibers run __________ to one another and to a central ______
A. pennate, opposite, tissue
B. fusiform, parallel, tendon
C. bipennate, parallel, tendon
B.
_______ muscles are designed for mobility, low force over a long range
fusiform
________ muscles have fibers that approach the tendon _______
pennate, obliquely
________ muscles have a larger # of fibers per area
A. pennate
B. fusiform
A
________ muscles generate relatively larger forces
A. fusiform
B. pennate
pennate
