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Fall Semester DPT > Biomechanics Final > Flashcards

Biomechanics Final Flashcards

1
Q

__________ is a description of the movement of the human body as a whole

A

translation of the COM

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2
Q

Human movement is powered by musles that ________ the limbs

A

rotate

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3
Q

Rotation of a joint is called?

A

angular motion

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4
Q

What is a common clinical example for measuring angular motion?

A

Goniometer

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5
Q

The ________ is the pivot point for what kind of motion?

A

axis; angular

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6
Q

The motion of a rotating body is ______° at the axis

A

0

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7
Q

A ____________ _____________ is a series of articulated segmented links

A

kinematic chain

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8
Q

A squat is an example of a __________ segment, rotating on a fixed _________ segment

Closed or Open Chain?

A

proximal; distal

closed

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9
Q

A soccer kick is an example of a __________ segment, rotating on a fixed _________ segment

Closed or Open Chain?

A

distal; proximal

open

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10
Q

Is a squat…

A. femoral-on-tibial movement
or
B. tibial-on-femur movement

A

A.

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11
Q

Is a soccer kick…

A. femoral-on-tibial movement
or
B. tibial-on-femur movement

A

B.

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12
Q

A _______ happens when multiple points along one rotating surface contact multiple points on another articular surface

A. slide
B. roll
C. spin

A

B.

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13
Q

A _______ happens when a single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface

A. slide
B. spin
C. roll

A

A.

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14
Q

A _______ happens when a single point on one articular surface rotates on one single point on another articular surface

A. roll
B. slide
C. spin

A

C.

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15
Q

______ is the effect of forces on the body

A

Kinetics

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16
Q

Force = ____ x _____

A

m x a

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17
Q

_______ is a push or pull that can produce/arrest/or modify movement

A

force

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18
Q

What do you measure force in?

A

Newtons (N)

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19
Q

Know this picture

A
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20
Q

Know all of these

A
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21
Q

Which force is most common and can cause a lot of damage?

A

shear

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22
Q

When somene goes into neck FLX, the anterior side of the disc _______ and the posterior side creates ________

A. shears; bends
B. compresses; tension
C. bends; tension

A

C.

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23
Q

The plastic region in the strain curve is where?

A

energy is lost

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24
Q

The blue elastic region on the strain curve is where?

A

energy is recovered (returns to original length)

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25
Q

________ indicates increasing de‐ formation under constant load

A

creep

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26
Q

Internal torque = _______ force and _______ moment arm

A

internal; internal

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27
Q

External torque = _______ force and _______ moment arm

A

external; external

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28
Q

If the IT and ET are = you have ….

A

static rotary equilibrium

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29
Q

________ = moment arm length
possessed by a particular force;
changes throughout the ROM

A

Leverage

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30
Q

________ maintains a constant length;
internal = external torque

A

isometric

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31
Q

_______ muscle shortens; internal
torque > external; rotation in direction of
activated muscle

A

concentric

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31
Q

_________ muscle lengthens (still a pulling
force) as it is being elongated by another
more dominant force; external torque >
internal; joint rotation is dictated by
external torque

A

eccentric

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32
Q

_________ muscle/muscle group initiates
or executes the particular movement (ant
tib and DF)

A

agonist

33
Q

__________ opposite action of a
particular agonist (gastric/soleus to ant
tib)

A

antagonist

34
Q

__________ cooperating muscles for
execution of a particular movement (FCR
FCU)

A

synergist

35
Q

__________ 2 or more muscles
produce forces in different linear
directions – resulting torques act in same
rotatory direction.

A

force couple

36
Q

________: path of serial locations for the IAR

A

Evolute

37
Q

What is an measurement tool example of the average axis of rotation used?

A

goniometer

38
Q
A
39
Q
A
40
Q

What do forces on the body have an impact on?

A

aging, trauma, prolonged immobilization, disease

41
Q

With the strain/stress chart, ______ represents the increase in the tissue related to original length

A

X

42
Q

With the strain/stress chart, ______ represents the internal resistance generated as it is resisting deformation

A

Y

43
Q

What are the 7 synovial joints?

A
  1. Hinge
  2. Pivot
  3. Ellipsoid
  4. Ball-and-socket
  5. Plane
  6. Saddle
  7. Condyloid
44
Q

With collagen, a triple helix is…

______–> _______–>________ wrap @ each
other in a spiral) called a fibril →
in ligaments and tendons these
twist @ each other again (R/L

A

tropchollagenic molecule, bind together microfibril, collagen fibril

45
Q

With collagen, stress is always in the same
direction fibers will orient
themselves to run ________
(tendons, ligaments,
aponeuroses

A

parallel

46
Q

With collagen, If stress in different directions it leads to an __________ lattice
effect (capsules, fascia,
interneural and intramuscular CT)

A

interlaced

47
Q

________ is the glue that holds us together

A

Ground Substance

48
Q

What are the two basic elements of connective tissue?

A
  1. cells and extra-cellular matrix made of fibrous components
  2. ground substance
49
Q

_________ is made up of water-saturated matrix or gel

A

ground substance

50
Q

_______ give physical resilience

A

GAGs

51
Q

The _____/_______ of the
matrix: determined by the stress
that impacts the cells

A

composition/role

52
Q

GAG is a ______ _________ (a sugar
protein complex with water
binding properties) complex)

A

large proteoglycan

53
Q

Nutrition to the cartilage happens via _______ _______ which is a milking action

A

synovial fluid

54
Q

Nutrition to the cartilage has type _______ collagen in varying degrees
of alignment – like scaffolding

A

II

55
Q

Nutrition to the cartilage:

Large ________ complexes
are trapped

They attract ________ (negative charge) but ______ each other

The _______ and
hydrophilic nature of the
sugar chains help the
PGs ______cells from
outside forces.

________ the capacity for loads (decreases or increases)

A

proteogylycan

water; repel

stifness; protect

increases

56
Q

_________ resorbs bone

A

osteoclasts

57
Q

_______ lays down new bone

A

osteoblasts

58
Q

______ is constantly altering its
shape/strength/density in response to
external forces

A. muscle
B. tissue
C. bone

A

bone

59
Q

Bone ‘spurs’ or osteophytes may form
from increased ________ ________ (discal or
instability)

A

spinal stresses

60
Q

________ are constantly synthesizing
ground substance/collagen; deposition
of salts

A

osteoblasts

61
Q

_______ ________ is when tension and compression cycle creates a small electrical potential that stimulates bone deposition and increased density at points of stress

A

Wolf’s Law

62
Q

With immobilization, there are marked changes in the structure and function of its
connective tissues- loss of ______, ______, _______

A

mass, volume, strength

63
Q

With immobilization, mechanical _______ is reduced- due to level of
forces on musculoskeletal
system reduced

A

strength

64
Q

What two factors helps with aging impact on periarticular connective tissue and bone?

A

physical activity and resistance training

65
Q

In general aging is accompanied
by a slowing of the rate of ______
______ and _______
replacement and repair in all
periarticular tissues and bone

A

fibrous proteins; proteoglycan

66
Q

_______ is a thin layer of connective
tissue that surrounds an individual muscle
cell/fiber

A

endomysium

67
Q

_________ the sheath of connective tissue
surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers
(fascicle)

A

perimysium

68
Q

________ a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue
surrounding a muscle bell

A

epimysium

69
Q

What are the two contractile (active) proteins?

A

actin and myosin

70
Q

Non-contractile structural proteins:

___________ within muscle fibers (cells)

supportive structures between ________

A

cytoskeleton

fibers

71
Q

Non-contractile structural proteins play a role in ________ _______ ______ but do not contract

A

transmission of force

72
Q

________ provides ______ tension within the muscle fiber (cell)

A. desmin; alignment
B. titin; passive

A

B

73
Q

________ stabilizes the _______ of adjacent sacromeres

A. desmin; alignment
B. titin; passive

A

A

74
Q

With ______ muscles the fibers run __________ to one another and to a central ______

A. pennate, opposite, tissue
B. fusiform, parallel, tendon
C. bipennate, parallel, tendon

A

B.

75
Q

_______ muscles are designed for mobility, low force over a long range

A

fusiform

76
Q

________ muscles have fibers that approach the tendon _______

A

pennate, obliquely

77
Q

________ muscles have a larger # of fibers per area

A. pennate
B. fusiform

A

A

78
Q

________ muscles generate relatively larger forces

A. fusiform
B. pennate

A

pennate

79
Q
A

Fall Semester DPT (11 decks)

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