im scared Flashcards
Are we required to cover FOIs on this stage? Why do we cover them anyways?
No - this is an Instrument add on to my CFI certificate (CFII PTS Table)
FOIs are listed In the UND stage check manuals, because it is important that we stay current with FOIs to be good instructors
What is Learning?
A change in behavior as a result of experience
What are the Defense Mechanisms?
Repressions Rationalization Reaction Formation Denial Compensation Projection Fantasy Displacement
At which LEVEL of learning do many instructors accidentally stop teaching?
3 Application!
What defense mechanism is being used when a student uses excuses to justify inadequate performance? (ex. claiming they didn’t have enough time to study)
Rationalization
What is true concerning defense mechanisms and what they involve?
They involve some degree of self-deception and distortion of reality
When a student becomes bewildered and lost in the advanced phase of training after completing the early phase without grasping the fundamentals, the defense mechanism is usually in the form of:
Resignation
When has instruction taken place?
When a procedure has been explained, and the desired student response has occurred
When a student tries to disguise a weak/undesirable quality by emphasizing a more positive one, this is a defense mechanism in the form of:
Compensation
Initially all learning comes from ________
Perceptions
Perceptions result when a person:
Gives MEANING to sensations being experienced
A student pilot who fails and attributes the failure to an ‘unfair’ evaluation by the examiner may be demonstrating a defense mechanism known as:
Projection
Law of Learning
Readiness Exercise Effect Primacy Intensity Recency
When using real world experiences and examples to show practical application of knowledge, what training method are you using?
Scenario based training
Do we have to do a GPS approach?
No - but if you have autopilot you must use the GPS to demonstrate you know how
In terms of course deflection on an ILS approach, at what point do you need to go missed?
3/4 scale deflection
What does RNP allow you to do?
RNP - Required Navigation Performance allowing a curved line to be drawn
Where do you find standards and guidance for the Non Precision approach with Loss of PFD for an IPC …?
A-16 “partial panel”
pg 23 “loss of primary…”
How do you determine the foretasted wx at an airport without a TAF?
- Using Graphic Area Forecast (GFA) on AviationWeather.gov…Tools…GFA Tool
- Use the “Ceiling/Visibility” tab and the zulu time sliding bar to determine weather conditions around your arrival
Where are takeoff and landing requirements in the FARAIM?
91.175
You’re on an ILS approach, so is it okay to descend below your DA/DH by 20 feet without the airport environment insight?
Yes - DA is “decision altitude” so this allots you altitude to dip down through your minimums after making the decision
You’re on a LOC approach, so is it okay to descend below your MDA by 20 feet without the airport environment insight?
No - against regulations bc an MDA is a “minimum descent altitude”
In general, what 3 things must you have met in order to descend below the MDA or continue below the DA/DH?
- A/c in continuous position to land
- Flight vis is not less than vis prescribed in the IAP
- (excluding CAT II/III) At least ONE visual reference to runway environment
What are STANDARD takeoff minimums for departure procedures based off of?
- Climbing at 200ft/NM
- Being atleast 35’ AGL when crossing the Departure End of Runway (DER)
- Turning when 400’ AGL
When are ODPs created?
Something penetrates 152’ per NM obstacle clearance
2 Types of SIDs? Where do you find if your airport has SIDs? What if you cannot comply with a SID?
- Pilot Navigation
- Vectors
- In TERPS (docs on Foreflight) - write NO SID in remarks of flight plan
What are the 3 segments of the GPS system?
- Space (Satellites)
- Control (Ground Station)
- User (Aircraft)
What is RAIM? How many satellites does is need to function?
- Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
- An internal check (not augmentation) for bad satellite signals that will kick them out/replace with good ones
1. 5 Satellites to DETECT a bad signal
2. 6 Satellites to KICK IT OUT
What is WAAS? What does it augment, and how? (Draw a Picture)
- Wide Area Augmentation System
- Corrects GPS positioning signal errors
1. WAAS Satellites send signals to surveyed positions on the ground with known, unchanging coordinates
2. Satellite signal indications are compared with the real ground station coordinates
3. Any identified errors are signaled to a Mother-Ground Station
4. Mother-Ground Station signals a Broad-casting satellite of the error
5. Broadcasting Satellite sends out the correction to the a/c
If we lose WAAS, how does that limit us?
- Information will not be as accurate
- En-Route CDI deflection will increase to 5nm either side
- Airport you’re going to must have another type of approach available
How many satellites must be visible in order to have WAAS?
6 Satellites
What 3 components are associated with the Localizer system? What equipment makes them up?
- Guidance (Localizer Antenna and Glideslope)
- Range (Marker Beacons (OM, MM, IM) picked up by DME)
- Visual (Approach, touchdown and centerline lights)
What is the SSV of a Localizer? What frequencies does it radiate?
- 35 degrees for 10nm, 10 degrees fo 18nm
- Localizer Beam: 3-6 degrees (varies), 700ft wide at Threshold (Localizer antenna always placed to achieve this)
- Right “blue” = 150 Hertz, Left “yellow” = 90 Hertz, where they intersect = centerline
What information does the Localizer Antenna provide? Where is it located and why?
- Course deviation to the Left and Right of centerline
- Full scale deflection shows 2.5 degrees on either side
- Positioned at the end of the runway to provide 3-6 degrees (varies) path and be 700ft wide at Threshold
What is the SSV of a Glideslope? What guidance/information does it provide?
- Service Volume is 10 NM
- Based off a normal 3° glide path so that it intersects the MM at 200 feet and the OM at 1400 feet
- Course Deviation Up and Down of centerline
- Full Scale deflection shows 0.7 degrees on either side
What is Equivalent airspeed?
- Calibrated AS corrected for compression error
What information does an HSI provide? What is one main component of its operation?
- Gives heading, course selector, glide slope and TO/FR indication (combines heading indicator with CDI)
- Improves situational awareness - When slaved to a Magnetic Flux Gate, it automatically updates with a/c rotation (adjusts to magnetic currents)
What is the purpose of a flux gate/valve?
- Enables compass to readily accept lines of magnetic from the Earth’s field and still indicate correct magnetic heading
(peace sign)
What gyroscopic instruments operate on Rigidity?
- Attitude Indicator
2. Heading Indicator
What gyroscopic instruments operate on Precession?
- Turn Coordinator
2. Turn-Slip Indicator
What is the difference between deviation and variation?
Deviation - errors in magnetic indication due to instrument/equipment that could not be eliminated
Variation - difference between True North and Magnetic North (changes over time)
What information does the Turn-Slip Indicator provide? How does it know what the airplane is doing?
- Aircraft YAW (turn rate/heading) only
- GYRO is mounted HORIZONTAL and PARALLEL to LATERAL axis, allowing it to “feel” precession from the a/c YAWING around it
What is Relative Bearing? What is the formula for it?
- The angular difference between a/c heading and the location of the station, measures CLOCKWISE from the nose of the a/c
- Relative Bearing + Magnetic Heading = Magnetic Bearing
What are the 3 types of VORs and their SSVs?
- Terminal (1-12’ - 25nm)
- Low (1-18’ - 40nm)
- High (4 Tiers)
1,000-14,500’ (40nm radius)
14,500-18,000’ (100nm)
18,000-45,000’ (130nm)
45,000-60,000’ (100nm)
How does a DME measure distance between the station and a/c?
- The TIME delay between a/c INTERROGATOR signals being sent OUT, and the ground beacon TRANSPONDER REPLY PULSE being received back
What is the purpose of having SSVs?
- To know the MINIMUM ranges in which you are GUARANTEED reception
- To plan routes always within a SSV of a navaid WHEN FLYING OFF-ROUTE
What are the 3 ways to check a VOR and their respective tolerances? Where can you find information on check facilities?
- Information can be found in AFD/Pacific Chart Supplement
1. VOT/Ground Checks: +/- 4° with VOR reading 180TO or 360FR
2. Dual VOR Checks: +/- 4 °
3. Airborne Checks: +/- 6 °
What makes up IFR required equipment for flight?
Generator Radio (2-way) Attitude Indicator Ball (slip-skid Indicator) Clock (Installed - can count SECONDS) Altitude Indicator Rate of Turn Indicator Directional Gyro.
How does the altimeter work?
- Standard temp and pressure is sealed within the aneroid barometer
- As non-standard temp and pressure change in the atmosphere, the barometer will compress/expand in response
- The barometer’s compression/expansion is transmitted through mechanical linkage to rotate instrument pointers
What happens to TAS with changing altitude? Why?
- TAS increases with increasing altitude
- TAS decreases with decreasing altitude
- As altitude increases, air becomes less dense and therefore Pitot Pressure readings will decrease at a greater rate than the atmospheric presser outside, and vice versa
How does the VSI detect climbs and descents?
- Diaphragm measures change in atmospheric pressure (from static line) for “trend” information
- Calibrated leak in the back of the casing indicates “rate” information depending on the amount of air entering/exiting
What is the SSV of a DME?
199 NM or 99 a/c
How does the ASI work?
- Measures the difference between Pitot pressure and Static pressure
When do you use the ANDS mnemonic?
- When accelerating/deccelerating on E/W headings
When do you use the UNOS mnemonic?
- When turning to Northerly or Southerly headings
What does AHRS use to sense attitude and heading?
Accelerometers and Magnometers
What 4 requirements are there for flying IFR with GPS as the main NAVAID?
- Any Non-WAAS GPS must be equipped with RAIM
- WAAS GPS must meet standards
- MUST CHECK NOTAMs prior to IFR flight
- Must have an approved ALTERNATE means of navigation appropriate to flight
What are the 3 different CDI sensitivities with WAAS/Non-WAAS GPS navigation? When do they automatically activate?
- En-Route (30nm+ from destination) WAAS = 2nm full scale deflection either side
En-Route Non-WAAS = 5nm full scare deflection - Terminal (~30nm TO/FR) = 1nm full scale deflection either side
- Approach (Past Final Approach WP) = 0.3nm full scale deflection either side
ended stage 48 oral
card 75
What’s a normal descent rate for a precision approach?
It depends. Rate of descent for following the GS will change depending on you Groundspeed!
Types of Airspeed
Calibrated - IAS corrected for instrument positioning error (POH 5-12)
Equivalent - CAS corrected for compression inside pitot tube
True - CAS corrected for non-stand temp (actual speed traveling through the air)
Types of Altitude
Pressure Altitude - the altitude read when set to 29.92”
Density Altitude - PA corrected for non-stand temp
Absolute - AGL
True - MSL
ASI operates off:
RAM air (dynamic + static) Ambient air (static)
VSI operates off:
- Ambient air (direct static line from diaphragm)
- Slower ambient air (calibrated leak from casing)
Altimeter operates off:
Ambient air (static line in casing)
Sealed ambient air (in diaphragm)
What distance does GPS/WAAS sensitivity cycle to Approach mode?
When you’re 2nm from the FAF/MAP
What 3 types of info are you getting from an ILS?
- Guidance (Loc, GS)
- Range (DME, beacons)
- Visual - lighting
SSV for the Localizer?
35 deg for 10nm
10 deg for 18nm
How does a VOR determine a/c location?
Send out 2 VHF frequency signals - reference phase and variable phase!
A/c equipment picks up and measures the difference between them and determines what radial you’re on!
