Illustrated History of LA - 18th Century

Question 1

In the 18th century

Answer 1

foreign, formal styles were overthrown in favor of a more English, “natural” style

Question 2

Property owners

Answer 2

enclosed fields and pastures within the boundaries of their private estates, called parks.

Question 3

Essayists such as Joseph Addison, Alexander Pope, and Anthony Ashley Cooper (first Earl of Shaftesbury)

Answer 3

denounced the tyranny of foreign garden styles and practices in England; they especially ridiculed topiary, and advocated nature itself as the ideal.

Question 4

Scottish architect Sir William Chambers published Designs

Answer 4

Chinese Buildings, Furniture, Dresses, Machines, and Utensils

Question 5

Chinoiserie

Answer 5

refers to the Chinese-themed textiles, ceramics, wallpaper, and furniture that were now in demand.

Question 6

English garden designers

Answer 6

shaped lakes and hills and used trees as visual frames

Question 7

The ha-ha

Answer 7

a sunken fence or ditch

Question 8

William Shenstone

Answer 8

developed a ferme ornée at the Leasowes, his estate in Warwickshire

was also fi rst to use the terms “landscape gardening” and “landscape gardener” in his essay of 1764 entitled “Unconnected Thoughts on Gardens.”

Question 9

professional landscape designers like William Kent, Lancelot “Capability” Brown, and Humphry Repton

Answer 9

remade the country as an English landscape garden.

Question 10

architect Sir John

Vanbrugh and landscape designers Henry Wise and George London

Answer 10

worked with formal design vocabularies in the early 18th century, and established an English Baroque style.

Question 11

Charles Bridgeman

Answer 11

set the stage for the transition to the natural style

masterly site planner; his avenues conformed to the topography and terrain of the site. He pioneered the use of the ha-ha at Stowe,

Question 12

Willian Kent

Answer 12

spent almost 10 years studying in Italy. Italian Renaissance gardens made an impression on him

use of serpentine bodies of water and the massing of trees in individual groups

His landscapes contained architectural features such as sham ruins or fabriques that were similar to elements seen in the paintings of Lorrain and Poussin;

Question 13

LANCELOT “CAPABILITY” BROWN (1715–1783)

Answer 13

The naturalistic style reached its height of expression through his works

200 commissions during his career.

His early apprenticeship at Stowe gave him a background in practical horticulture that Kent lacked.

Question 14

HUMPHRY REPTON (1752–1818)

Answer 14

he was an educated writer and skilled painter who turned his hand to landscape design at the age of 36

He was first to advertise himself as a landscape gardener

developed a style that combined aspects of formalism and naturalism

Question 15

Repton’s work

Answer 15

was a major influence on the development of Victorian garden styles in the 19th century.

Question 16

The original plan of Blenheim

Answer 16

was completed in 1722 by Henry Wise

Question 17

The design of Stourhead

Answer 17

was begun by its owner, Henry Hoare II, in 1735

He set the garden in a deep valley around a 20-acre lake, which he constructed by damming a stream.

Question 18

Brown’s work at Blenheim

Answer 18

began in 1764. He dammed the river and excavated the two existing lakes, raising the water level to make the single volume of water more in balance with the heavy architectural mass of the stone house and bridge

Question 19

In William Chambers’s book Dissertation on Oriental Gardening, published in 1772

Answer 19

he suggested a sort of Chinese fantasyland as a counter to the naturalistic movement.

He used the publication to critique Capability Brown’s style, complaining that Brown’s work was indistinguishable from nature’s own

Question 20

painter William Hogarth

Answer 20

published his book The Analysis of Beauty in 1753, suggesting that all beautiful forms follow an S-curve

Question 21

philosopher Edmund Burke

Answer 21

he proposed that beauty is characterized by smoothness and gentle transition

Question 22

John Claudius Loudon

Answer 22

developed another style—the gardenesque

Question 23

anglochinois

Answer 23

hybrid style ; became popular in France and Germany

Question 24

French writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote a novel, La Nouvelle Heloise

Answer 24

The book had a big impact on Marquis Rene-Louis de Girardin, who created one of the best examples of an English landscape garden in France at Ermenonville.

Question 25

The imperial gardens, located in the Western Hills

Answer 25

first planned by Emperor Kangxi, and further developed by his grandson Qianlong

Question 26

Qianlong

Answer 26

interested in foreign garden styles and asked the Jesuits to design a garden in the European style.

Question 27

In 1680

Answer 27

Kangxi began restoring the gardens on what is now called Longevity Hill.

Question 28

Yihe Yuan

Answer 28

the Garden of Harmony and Ease, in the 19th century.

Question 29

Suzhou

Answer 29

was the center of learning and creativity during the Ming dynasty

Question 30

Wangshi Yuan

Answer 30

an excellent example of the many scholar gardens that were built and renovated during the 18th century.

Question 31

in 1716, Alexander Spotswood, the second governor of Virginia

Answer 31

extended the gardens at the governor’s mansion in a style reminiscent of 17th-century English gardens

Question 32

George Washington

English garden treatises that were illustrated with irregular geometries

Answer 32

his foremost priority in laying out the grounds of his estate at Mount Vernon, Virginia, was the improvement of his farm lands.

Question 33

18th Century Summary

Answer 33

Curves, realized as sweeping lawns, serpentine lakes, and billowing trees, defined the “line of beauty” in the 18th-century English garden. Here, “landscape” became an adjective descriptive of an enlightened vision of uncorrupted nature—the garden. The tradition of the pastoral aesthetic as embodied in the English landscape garden influenced early American gardens and continues today in parks, campuses, and residential developments. The relationship between art and nature in 18th century Chinese gardens and its impact on English styles was also examined in this chapter.

Question 34

ENGLAND

Answer 34

Ha-has, Hills, and Lakes

Question 35

CHINA

Answer 35

Pavilions, Walls, and Windows

Question 36

AMERICA

Answer 36

Orchards, Lawns, and Prospects