Illustrated History of LA - 16th Century Flashcards
Rome
was the new authority for Renaissance gardening, art, and architecture
Italian styles
spread across the continent and beyond.
LAWS OF THE INDIES
the Laws of the Indies addressed political, social, and economic issues and provided guidelines for developing military fortresses (presidios), civilian communities (pueblos), and missions.
parterres
They subdivided the ground plane of a garden into compartments
Sebastiano Serlio’s influential books on architecture, Tutte l’opere d’architettura (1537, 1540)
included drawings and diagrams of intricately symmetrical parterres.
Renaissance designers such as Donato Bramante, Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola, and Pirro Ligorio
studied Roman architecture and sculpture
Characteristics of Italian Renaissance gardens
axial arrangement and architectural framing of landscape space, the abundant presence of water, the use of decorative sculpture, and the development of iconographic programs.
Renaissance villas and gardens
the Cortile del Belvedere, Villa d’Este, Villa Lante, Villa Farnese, Villa Giulia, and the Sacro Bosco at Bomarzo.
The Cortile del Belvedere
often cited as the work that established a new vocabulary of design in the Renaissance.2
Pope Julius II
commissioned Donato Bramante (1444–1514) to link the hillside pavilion, called the Belvedere
VILLA D’ESTE, TIVOLI
The work was undertaken by Pirro Ligorio (1491–1580),
engineered the steep slope to create a series of terraces and water features for which the garden is best known today.
terrace of 100 fountains,
Cento Fontane
links the Oval Fountain (also called the Fountain of Tivoli, in honor of the ancient founding of the town)
Above the Oval Fountain is the Pegasus Fountain
where the horse’s hoof strikes a rock, bringing forth the allegorical spring that supplies the Oval Fountain
Rometta
a miniature composition of the important temples and structures of ancient Rome; it was seen against a distant view of the ruins of Hadrian’s Villa.
the Villa Lante (named for a later owner)
a superb expression of Renaissance design principles.
The garden, an axial composition juxtaposed against an untamed woodland,
Vignola
who was engaged with the Farnese project at Caprarola during this time, is often credited as one of the principal designers of Villa Lante, along with Giacomo del Duca (1520–1601).
Tommaso Ghinucci,
who is cited as the designer of the waterworks at Villa Lante
gambero means crayfish in Italian
a play on the cardinal’s name
the Fountain of the River Gods
the Tiber and the Arno
Vignola
redesigned the medieval fortress as a pentagonal palazzo with
a central circular courtyard, and added a new entry terrace with curving ramps and stairs.
VILLA GIULIA, Rome
DESIGN:
SURPRISE AND DELIGHT
Along the axially arranged space, elements are screened from view, creating a sense of drama.
SACRO BOSCO, BOMARZO
The most extreme example of Mannerist distortion can be seen in the Sacro Bosco (sacred wood) of Count Orsini, constructed at Bomarzo from 1552– 1583.
Andrea Palladio
gained a reputation as the preeminent architect of the ideal agrarian villa.
He developed precise ratios for the heights and widths of rooms, and applied the same system to the design of building facades
His villas incorporated elements from traditional farm buildings—dovecotes, long arcaded loggias, stucco finish over brick—and were set amid agricultural fields
PALLADIAN HARMONY
Plan and elevation were unified by the same proportional relationships
FRANCE
Loire Valley
flatter, more densely wooded, and more spacious than the landscape around Rome and Tuscany
French gardens
were sprawling, complex arrangements of groundplane features
Defensive/moats
surrounded the chateaux of the Loire Valley
still essential for good drainage, were incorporated into gardens as ornamental canals.
The designs of 16th-century French gardens
known today through the engravings of Jacques Androuet du Cerceau.
Jacques Androuet du Cerceau
His book, Les plus excellents bastiments de la France (1576 and 1579), contained illustrations of important chateaux and their gardens
French court
developed into a cultural center, attracting many of the great Italian Renaissance artists, including Serlio, Vignola, Primaticcio, and Leonardo da Vinci, who died in France in 1519.
FONTAINEBLEAU
Although no comprehensive site plan unifies the various additions to Fontainebleau, sight lines and fl at planes of water extended the garden out into the landscape.
ANET
Landscape was framed by architecture as in the Italian models. Harmony and symmetry were created by the axial scheme.
A large entry court, called the Court of Honor
was defined by the three wings of the chateau, and bordered on two sides by small plantations, courtyards, and pavilions.
Dutch styles/ENGLAND
had a particular impact on English garden design in the second half of the 16th century
forthright
a straight, wide path for walking—became a common garden element.
Sunflowers, marigolds, sassafras, tobacco, and the potato
all entered Europe from the Americas.
Pietro Andrea Mattioli
wrote Commentarii in sex libros pedacii dioscorides in 1544,
Ram Bagh
located along the banks of the river Yamuna at Agra is believed to be Babur’s first garden in India.
forms of Mughal gardens
adapted to variations in climate and terrain
Mughal style became characterized by a fusion of Central Asian, Persian, and Indian influences
JAPAN
first tearooms
was built by Yoshimasa at Ginakaku-ji
tea garden
known as cha niwa or roji.
Wells, basins, gates, and lanterns
were prevalent in tea gardens
SAMBO-IN, KYOTO
Momoyama gardens are characterized by their exaggerated, highly embellished compositions.
Unique characteristics of Momoyama gardens
include earth bridges, lakes with highly convoluted shorelines, and the abundant use of large rocks
Fujito stone
One such rock at Sambo-in
Moss in a sea of sand
creates gourd patterns at Sambo-in.
16th Century Summary
In the 16th century people began to call into question the many assumptions they had made about the way the world worked. Creative forms flourished. Renaissance design principles became manifest in Italian art, architecture, and gardens. Other cultures claimed the landscape in significant ways through similar uses of geometry, water, and the idealization of nature.
Timurid and Mughal gardens
provided spaces for passive enjoyment of the landscape, either on Persian carpets or on flat, elevated platforms called chabutras.
French gardens
were edged by moats, canals, and galleried walkways,
ITALY
Hydraulics, Compartments, and Sculptures
FRANCE
Parterres, Canals, and Galleries
ENGLAND
Mazes, Mounts, and Topiary
JAPAN
Stepping stones, Basins, and Lanterns
