Illustrated History of LA - 16th Century

Question 1

Rome

Answer 1

was the new authority for Renaissance gardening, art, and architecture

Question 2

Italian styles

Answer 2

spread across the continent and beyond.

Question 3

LAWS OF THE INDIES

Answer 3

the Laws of the Indies addressed political, social, and economic issues and provided guidelines for developing military fortresses (presidios), civilian communities (pueblos), and missions.

Question 4

parterres

Answer 4

They subdivided the ground plane of a garden into compartments

Question 5

Sebastiano Serlio’s influential books on architecture, Tutte l’opere d’architettura (1537, 1540)

Answer 5

included drawings and diagrams of intricately symmetrical parterres.

Question 6

Renaissance designers such as Donato Bramante, Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola, and Pirro Ligorio

Answer 6

studied Roman architecture and sculpture

Question 7

Characteristics of Italian Renaissance gardens

Answer 7

axial arrangement and architectural framing of landscape space, the abundant presence of water, the use of decorative sculpture, and the development of iconographic programs.

Question 8

Renaissance villas and gardens

Answer 8

the Cortile del Belvedere, Villa d’Este, Villa Lante, Villa Farnese, Villa Giulia, and the Sacro Bosco at Bomarzo.

Question 9

The Cortile del Belvedere

Answer 9

often cited as the work that established a new vocabulary of design in the Renaissance.2

Question 10

Pope Julius II

Answer 10

commissioned Donato Bramante (1444–1514) to link the hillside pavilion, called the Belvedere

Question 11

VILLA D’ESTE, TIVOLI

Answer 11

The work was undertaken by Pirro Ligorio (1491–1580),

engineered the steep slope to create a series of terraces and water features for which the garden is best known today.

Question 12

terrace of 100 fountains,

Answer 12

Cento Fontane

links the Oval Fountain (also called the Fountain of Tivoli, in honor of the ancient founding of the town)

Question 13

Above the Oval Fountain is the Pegasus Fountain

Answer 13

where the horse’s hoof strikes a rock, bringing forth the allegorical spring that supplies the Oval Fountain

Question 14

Rometta

Answer 14

a miniature composition of the important temples and structures of ancient Rome; it was seen against a distant view of the ruins of Hadrian’s Villa.

Question 15

the Villa Lante (named for a later owner)

Answer 15

a superb expression of Renaissance design principles.

The garden, an axial composition juxtaposed against an untamed woodland,

Question 16

Vignola

Answer 16

who was engaged with the Farnese project at Caprarola during this time, is often credited as one of the principal designers of Villa Lante, along with Giacomo del Duca (1520–1601).

Question 17

Tommaso Ghinucci,

Answer 17

who is cited as the designer of the waterworks at Villa Lante

Question 18

gambero means crayfish in Italian

Answer 18

a play on the cardinal’s name

Question 19

the Fountain of the River Gods

Answer 19

the Tiber and the Arno

Question 20

Vignola

Answer 20

redesigned the medieval fortress as a pentagonal palazzo with
a central circular courtyard, and added a new entry terrace with curving ramps and stairs.

Question 21

VILLA GIULIA, Rome

Answer 21

DESIGN:
SURPRISE AND DELIGHT
Along the axially arranged space, elements are screened from view, creating a sense of drama.

Question 22

SACRO BOSCO, BOMARZO

Answer 22

The most extreme example of Mannerist distortion can be seen in the Sacro Bosco (sacred wood) of Count Orsini, constructed at Bomarzo from 1552– 1583.

Question 23

Andrea Palladio

Answer 23

gained a reputation as the preeminent architect of the ideal agrarian villa.

He developed precise ratios for the heights and widths of rooms, and applied the same system to the design of building facades

His villas incorporated elements from traditional farm buildings—dovecotes, long arcaded loggias, stucco finish over brick—and were set amid agricultural fields

Question 24

PALLADIAN HARMONY

Answer 24

Plan and elevation were unified by the same proportional relationships

Question 25

FRANCE

Loire Valley

Answer 25

flatter, more densely wooded, and more spacious than the landscape around Rome and Tuscany

Question 26

French gardens

Answer 26

were sprawling, complex arrangements of groundplane features

Question 27

Defensive/moats

Answer 27

surrounded the chateaux of the Loire Valley

still essential for good drainage, were incorporated into gardens as ornamental canals.

Question 28

The designs of 16th-century French gardens

Answer 28

known today through the engravings of Jacques Androuet du Cerceau.

Question 29

Jacques Androuet du Cerceau

Answer 29

His book, Les plus excellents bastiments de la France (1576 and 1579), contained illustrations of important chateaux and their gardens

Question 30

French court

Answer 30

developed into a cultural center, attracting many of the great Italian Renaissance artists, including Serlio, Vignola, Primaticcio, and Leonardo da Vinci, who died in France in 1519.

Question 31

FONTAINEBLEAU

Answer 31

Although no comprehensive site plan unifies the various additions to Fontainebleau, sight lines and fl at planes of water extended the garden out into the landscape.

Question 32

ANET

Answer 32

Landscape was framed by architecture as in the Italian models. Harmony and symmetry were created by the axial scheme.

Question 33

A large entry court, called the Court of Honor

Answer 33

was defined by the three wings of the chateau, and bordered on two sides by small plantations, courtyards, and pavilions.

Question 34

Dutch styles/ENGLAND

Answer 34

had a particular impact on English garden design in the second half of the 16th century

Question 35

forthright

Answer 35

a straight, wide path for walking—became a common garden element.

Question 36

Sunflowers, marigolds, sassafras, tobacco, and the potato

Answer 36

all entered Europe from the Americas.

Question 37

Pietro Andrea Mattioli

Answer 37

wrote Commentarii in sex libros pedacii dioscorides in 1544,

Question 38

Ram Bagh

Answer 38

located along the banks of the river Yamuna at Agra is believed to be Babur’s first garden in India.

Question 39

forms of Mughal gardens

Answer 39

adapted to variations in climate and terrain

Mughal style became characterized by a fusion of Central Asian, Persian, and Indian influences

Question 40

JAPAN

first tearooms

Answer 40

was built by Yoshimasa at Ginakaku-ji

Question 41

tea garden

Answer 41

known as cha niwa or roji.

Question 42

Wells, basins, gates, and lanterns

Answer 42

were prevalent in tea gardens

Question 43

SAMBO-IN, KYOTO

Answer 43

Momoyama gardens are characterized by their exaggerated, highly embellished compositions.

Question 44

Unique characteristics of Momoyama gardens

Answer 44

include earth bridges, lakes with highly convoluted shorelines, and the abundant use of large rocks

Question 45

Fujito stone

Answer 45

One such rock at Sambo-in

Question 46

Moss in a sea of sand

Answer 46

creates gourd patterns at Sambo-in.

Question 47

16th Century Summary

Answer 47

In the 16th century people began to call into question the many assumptions they had made about the way the world worked. Creative forms flourished. Renaissance design principles became manifest in Italian art, architecture, and gardens. Other cultures claimed the landscape in significant ways through similar uses of geometry, water, and the idealization of nature.

Question 48

Timurid and Mughal gardens

Answer 48

provided spaces for passive enjoyment of the landscape, either on Persian carpets or on flat, elevated platforms called chabutras.

Question 49

French gardens

Answer 49

were edged by moats, canals, and galleried walkways,

Question 50

ITALY

Answer 50

Hydraulics, Compartments, and Sculptures

Question 51

FRANCE

Answer 51

Parterres, Canals, and Galleries

Question 52

ENGLAND

Answer 52

Mazes, Mounts, and Topiary

Question 53

JAPAN

Answer 53

Stepping stones, Basins, and Lanterns