Illness script - week 7 Flashcards
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
Non-cancerous enlargement of _____ _____; __% of males over 60 years old will experience a degree of BPH
Treatment is only advised when it becomes _____
benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
Non-cancerous enlargement of prostate gland; 80% of males over 60 years old will experience a degree of BPH
Treatment is only advised when it becomes symptomatic
Symptoms of BPH
1) Frequent _____ without full _____
2) _____
3) _____ and _____ of urin
symptoms of bph
1) Frequent urination without full emptying
2) Nocturia
3) Leaking and dribbling of urine
Diagnosing bph
1) _____ _____ _____
2) _____ _____ _____
3) _____-_____ _____ blood test:
diagnosing bph
1) Urine flow study
2) Digital rectal exam
3) Prostate-specific antigen blood test: <4.0 ng/ml considered normal
treating bph
1) alpha-blockers: _____, _____ and _____
2) 5alpha-_____ _____
3) _____ and _____
4) _____ _____ _____ of _____ (TURP)
treating bph
1) alpha-blockers: terazosin, tamsulosin and alfuzosin
2) 5alpha-reductase inhibitors
3) Finasteride and dutasteride
4) Trans urethral resection of prostate (TURP)
prostate cancer
3rd most common cause of _____; 1 in __ men diagnosed by __ years old (__% men are over __ yrs)
prostate cancer
3rd most common cause of death; 1 in 7 men diagnosed by 85 years old (63% men are over 65 yrs)
Early stages of prostate cancer
Frequent or difficult to pass _____, _____ or _____ urine flow or strain to empty bladder
Urge to urinate at _____ and _____
early stages of prostate cancer
Frequent or difficulty to pass urine, weak or interrupted urine flow or strain to empty bladder
Urge to urinate at night and incontinence
Advanced prostate cancer
1) _____ in urine
2) Pain during _____
3) Lower _____ and ____ pain
4) New onset of _____ _____
Advanced prostate cancer
1) Blood in urine
2) Pain during urination
3) Lower back and pelvis pain
4) New onset of erectile dysfunction
Stage IV D1: prostate cancer has spread to _____, _____ _____ or surrounding organs, but not further
Stage IV D2: spread to more distant _____, it is still treatable but harder to cure
Stage IV D1: prostate cancer has spread to pelvis, lymph nodes or surrounding organs, but not further
Stage IV D2: spread to more distant organs, it is still treatable but harder to cure
Diagnosing prostate cancer
1) _____-_____ _____
2) ______ _____ _____
3) _____: only way to confirm diagnosis
4) _____ scan
5) _____ or _____
diagnosing prostate cancer
1) Prostate-specific antigen
2) Digital rectal exam
3) Biopsy: only way to confirm diagnosis
4) Bone scan
5) CT or MRI
Treating prostate cancer
1) _____ _____
2) _____ _____
3) _____ with _____ therapy
4) _____ or _____ therapy
treating prostate cancer
1) radical prostatectomy
2) Active monitoring
3) Radiotherapy with hormonal therapy
4) Chemotherapy or biological therapy
Endometriosis
_____-_____ _____ _____ _____ that affects the pelvic tissues and ovaries
Endometriosis
Oestrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory syndrome that affects the pelvic tissues and ovaries
Endometriosis
Advanced cases can implant over sites such as _____
Most common cause of pelvic pain is linked to _____ in women (__-__%) and long term infertility
Endometriosis
Advanced cases can implant to over sites such as bladder
Most common cause of pelvic pain is linked to menses in women (6-10%) and long term infertility
Endometriosis
still unclear on the but the _____ _____ _____ gaining acceptance
_____ _____ _____: Due to _____ flow of sloughed endometrial cell/debris
Endometriosis
still unclear on the cause but the retrograde menstruation theory gaining acceptance
Retrograde menstruation theory: due to retrograde flow of sloughed endometrial cell/debris
Sign and symptoms of Endometriosis
1) Pain in the lower _____, _____, posterior _____ and lower _____
2) Begins __-__ days before menses and lasts __ days
3) Pain can be _____ and _____ by voiding bowel movements
Sign and symptoms of Endometriosis
1) Pain in the lower abdomen, vagina, posterior pelvis and lower back
2) Begins 5-7 days before menses and lasts 3 days
3) pain can be severe and exacerbating by voiding bowel movements
Treating Endometriosis
Depending on severity of the symptoms, age and desire to _____ _____
NSAIDs usually given to manage pain, _____ _____ to suppress ovulatory menses and _____ production
Treating Endometriosis
Depending of severity of the symptoms, age and desire to restore fertility
NSAIDs usually given to manage pain, hormonal agents to suppress ovulatory menses and eostrogen production
surgical Endometriosis
Revomal of Endometriosis to promote _____; older women total _____ _____ with removal of _____ and _____
surigical Endometriosis
Removal of Endometriosis to promote fertility; older women total abdominal hysterectomy with removal of oviducts and ovaries
diagnosing Endometriosis
1) _____ _____ _____
2) _____ _____
3) _____ _____
4) _____
5) _____
diagnosing Endometriosis
1) Full blood count
2) Pelvic culture
3) Urine analysis
4) Ultrasound
5) MRI
Ovarian cancer
For both benign and malignant, they can orginate from _____(__%), _____ (__-__%), _____ (__-__%)
Ovarian cancer
For both benign and malignant, they can originate from epithelial (90%), stromal (5-6%), or germ (2-3%)
Ovarian cancer
Life time risk is 1 in __ and the chances of dying from it are 1 in __
Due to the location, it is rarely found early, only __% of cases are found in still _____ __
Ovarian cancer
Life time risk is 1 in 75 and the chances of dying from it are 1 in 100
Due to the location it is rarely found early; only 15% of cases are found in still stage 1
Ovarian cancer
_____, _____ inflammatory disease and _____: increase the risk of cancer
Giving _____, _____ _____, _____ based _____ and oral _____: decrease the risk of cancer
Ovarian cancer
Obesity, pelvic inflammatory disease and endometriosis: increase the risk of cancer
Giving birth, breast feeding, vegetable based diet and oral contraceptives: decrease the risk of cancer
sign and symptoms of Ovarian cancer
1) Abdominal _____
2) abdominal _____
3) abdominal or _____ _____ and _____
4) loss of _____
5) _____ _____ of ovarian cancer
sign and symptoms of Ovarian cancer
1) abdominal mass
2) abdominal distension
3) abdominal or pelvic pain and bloating
4) loss of appetite
5) family history of ovarian cancer
diagnosing Ovarian cancer
1) Blood test: _____ common _____ marker
2) _____, _____ scan, _____ scan, _____
3) _____: only way to confirm
diagnosing Ovarian cancer
1) Blood test: CA125 common tumour maker
2) Ultrasound, CT scan, PET scan, colonocopy
3) Biopsy: only way to confirm
treating Ovarian cancer
1) _____: removing the _____
2) _____
treating Ovarian cancer
1) Surgery: removing the tumour
2) Chemotherapy
Cervical cancer
Link between Cervical cancer and _____ _____ _____
Cervical cancer
Link between Cervical cancer and human papilloma virus
Cervical cancer
Pre-invasive Cervical cancer has no _____ and be present for up to __ years before invasive Cervical cancer develops
Cervical cancer
Pre-invasive Cervical cancer has no symptoms and be present for up to 10 years before invasive Cervical cancer develops
Cervical cancer
Once invasive cancer starts (__% _____ _____ ____) patients may present with abnormal _____ _____ or _____ and _____ after sex
Cervical cancer
Once invasive cancer starts (95% squamous cell carcinoma) patients may present with abnormal vaginal bleeding or pain and bleeding after sex
Etopic pregnancy
Patients presenting with severe _____ pain (__-__% of pregnancies) this is a _____ _____
Etopic pregnancy
Patients presenting with severe abdominal pain (1-2% of pregnancies) this is a medical emergency
Etopic pregnancy
Wavelike severe pain in _____, _____, _____ or _____
Etopic pregnancy
Wavelike severe pain in abdomen, pelvis, shoulder or neck
sign and symptoms Etopic pregnancy
1) light to heavy vaginal _____ or _____
2) _____
3) _____ or _____
4) _____ pressure
sign and symptoms Etopic pregnancy
1) Light to heavy vaginal spotting or bleeding
2) Nausea
3) Dizziness or fainting
4) Rectal pressure
