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LS10 - Life Sciences > IK and biotechnology > Flashcards

IK and biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

A typical plant tissue culture medium

(Image: http://www.wur.nl/en/Expertise-Services/Research-Institutes/plant-research/Plant-Breeding/Tissue-Culture.htm)

A
  • A glass container with a solid or liquid culture substance e.g. agar
  • It contains nutrients and hormones that promote mitosis
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2
Q

Possible ethical opinions FOR stem cell research

A
  • Embryos are clumps of tissue, not yet humans
  • Umbilical cord blood does not destroy embryo’s
  • Reproductive cloning produces stem cells without need for fertilisation
  • Research needed for numerous benefits…

(Image: http://www.ozy.com/pov/20-years-after-dolly-where-is-cloning-heading/75741)

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3
Q

Three sources of stem cells

A
  • Embryo’s
  • Umbilical cord or placenta
  • Bone marrow and liver tissue

(Image: http://www.eurostemcell.org/cord-blood-stem-cells-current-uses-and-future-challenges)

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4
Q

Name at least 3 plant organs for asexual reproduction

A
  • runners
  • bulbs
  • tubers
  • leaf plantlets
  • suckers

(Image: http://slideplayer.com/slide/8553549/)

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5
Q

Alternative medicine

A

Traditional healing used instead of mainstream medical care

(Image: https://chronicallyridicilous.wordpress.com/2016/12/18/8-ways-alternative-medicine-hurts-those-of-us-with-chronically-illnesses/)

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6
Q

Devil’s claw

(Image source: http://www.rjwhelan.co.nz/herbs%20A-Z/herb%20images/Devils_claw.jpg)

A
  • A plant from the Kalahari
  • Underground stem (Tubers) harvested
  • anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic and analgesic properties
  • Used to treat joint and muscle pain, arthritis and rheumatism
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7
Q

Molecular cloning

A

Cloning to make identical genes and useful chemical compounds

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8
Q

Biotechnology

A
  • the use of living systems and organisms
  • to develop or make products
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9
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A
  • Embryonic tissue cells
  • Can produce more of themselves
  • Can differentiate into all cell types
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10
Q

Traditional biotechnology

A
  • The use of natural organisms by humans to create or modify foods or other useful products
  • e.g. fermentation, medicinal plants
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11
Q

Antibiotics affect

A
  • The survival and growth of microbes
  • Especially bacteria
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12
Q

If you are the recipient of wrong blood type

A
  • Immune system rejects the blood
  • You may die
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13
Q

IKS typically impacts which areas of society?

A
  • Agriculture
  • healthcare
  • cooking
  • education
  • resource management
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14
Q

First antibiotic discovered (name, date and person)

A
  • Penicillin
  • Alexander Fleming
  • 1928
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15
Q

First developed vaccine (disease targeted)

A

smallpox

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16
Q

How is a reproductively cloned animal made?

A
  • Donor egg cell taken from foster mom
  • Nucleus removed
  • Cell taken from animal to be cloned
  • Nucleus removed and fused with the empty egg cell
  • Fused cell divides by mitosis to form embryo
  • Embryo placed in foster mothers uterus to develop into cloned individual.
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17
Q

First developed vaccine (person and year)

A
  • Edward Jenner
  • 1796
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18
Q

Traditional methods of plant cloning

A
  • plant cuttings and grafts
  • replanting bulbs and tubers
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19
Q

Complementary medicine

(Image: http://rehabcenternearme.com/affects-acupuncture-substance-abuse/)

A
  • Traditional healing used together with conventional medical treatment with the aim that it “complements” (improves) the treatment
  • E.g. using acupuncture to help with side effects of cancer treatment.
  • When health care providers and facilities offer both types of care, it is called integrative medicine
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20
Q

The four main blood types

A
  • A
  • B
  • AB
  • O
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21
Q

“in vitro” stem cells

(Image: http://www.artinhospitals.com/lg_art_in_art_06.html)

A
  • Stem cells from fertilised eggs grown in cultures
  • Eggs that have been fertilized in vitro—in an in vitrofertilization clinic
  • Donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors.
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22
Q

African potato

(Image: http://www.herbgarden.co.za/mountainherb/webherbfotos/big_AfricanPotato.JPG)

A
  • A plant from the grasslands
  • Contains many plant sterols
  • Traditionally used as a laxative
  • Recently found to boost the immune system
  • E.g. Used as complementary medicine for patients with HIV/AIDS
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23
Q

Disease related to smallpox used to create the first vaccine

A

Cowpox

24
Q

Levels of bodies defence

A
  • barriers e.g. skin
  • defense reactions - inflammation; white blood cells engulf microbes
  • immunity - antibodies that target specific infections
25
Q

Advantages to making plant tissue cultures

A
  • exact copies with wanted traits
  • fast growth to mature plants
  • increased quantity of plants possible
  • virus-free stock
26
Q

T-lymphocyte function

A
  • Destroys viruses
  • Destroys cancer cells
27
Q

Sterile

A
  • Very clean
  • No germs
28
Q

What is a Blood transfusion?

A
  • Blood lost from accident or during surgery
  • Replaced in recipient from donors
  • Transfusion via a needle inserted into a blood vessel in the arm
29
Q

Environmental problems potenially caused by traditional healers

A
  • 3000 plant species used
  • large informal trade sector depletes natural populations of these species
  • made worse by urbanisation and higher demand
  • many of these species threatened with extinction
30
Q

Regulation of traditional healers in South Africa

A
  • Sangomas are legally recognised in South Africa as “traditional health practitioners”,
  • Under the Traditional Health Practitioners Act of 2007 (Act. 22 of 2007) as diviners alongside with herbalists, traditional birth attendants, and traditional surgeons.
  • This ensures that their practices are regulated.
31
Q

Ways to reduce pressure on threatened natural resources needed for traditional healing

(Image: https://www.africaresearchinstitute.org/newsite/publications/briefing-notes/land-law-and-traditional-leadership-in-south-africa/)

A
  • Alternative treatments
  • Harvesters trained properly
  • Harvesters licenced for particular species to be collected
  • Cultivation/farming of threatened species
32
Q

Explain what a callus of cells is in a plant tissue culture

A
  • Isolated plant cells from parent plant divide by mitosis
  • These form a group of cells called a callus
  • With more plant hormones the callus differentiates into roots, stems and leaves
33
Q

Traditional healers

A
  • People who treat patients using traditional medicines
  • especially using local herbs and muti
  • e.g. Sangomas
34
Q

Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place

A

Indigenous

35
Q

First reproductively cloned animal, when?

A
  • A sheep named Dolly
  • 1996

(Image: http://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/)

36
Q

Plant tissue cultures

A

growing plants from cells or tissues of a parent plant in a special growth medium

37
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A
  • Cloning to form stem cells
  • Able to grow into specific tissues
  • Needed to replace diseased tissues
  • E.g. skin for burns
  • E.g. bone marrow transplants for cancer

(Image: https://thehandstand.org/archive/march2004/articles/clone.htm)

38
Q

Possible ethical opinions ANTI stem cell research

A
  • New life begins with fertilisation
  • Destruction of embryos is immoral, equates murder
  • Taking role of God in creating and destroying life
39
Q

The ability for a single white blood cell to take up other cells, germs and particles by engulfing them

A

phagocytosis

40
Q

Adult stem cells

A
  • Tissue stem cells
  • Replace old and damaged cells in adults
  • Only certain types
  • E.g. skin
  • E.g. bone marrow
  • E.g. Nerve tissue
41
Q

Blood bank

A
  • Blood collected from volunteer donors
  • Blood stored in sterile blood bank until needed
42
Q

IKS

A

Indigenous knowledge systems

43
Q

How are clones formed in nature?

(Image: https://gardenpool.org/gardening-tips/cloning-aquaponic-or-hydroponic-strawberry-plants-by-runners)

A

By asexual reproduction

44
Q

A clone

A

DNA fragments, cells, tissues or organisms that are genetically identical

45
Q

The first cloned animals, when?

A
  • Sea urchins
  • Late 1800s
46
Q

B-lymphocyte function

A
  • Makes antibodies
  • Antibodies destroy invading organisms and infected cells
47
Q

Examples of diseases commonly a problem prior to vaccination for them

A
  • Smallpox
  • Polio
  • Chickenpox
  • Measles
  • Mumps
  • Influenza (flu)
48
Q

How penicillin was discovered

(Image: http://wikivisually.com/wiki/Penicillin)

A
  • Fleming was examining bacteria on slides
  • one slide was contaminated with mould called Penicillium notatum
  • Where mold grew, bacteria disappeared
49
Q

Indigenous knowledge

A
  • Knowledge that certain communities or cultures have
  • Aquired over generations through interactions with their environment
50
Q

“Universal” recipient blood type

A

Type AB

51
Q

Blood cell not involved in immunity

A

Red blood cell

52
Q

“Universal” donor blood type

A

Type O

53
Q

Medical Biotechnology

A
  • The scientific use of living systems and organisms
  • to develop or make medical products or treatments.
  • E.g. insulin production using bacteria
54
Q

Blood donor

(image: https://www.thenewspaper.co.za/western-cape-celebrates-national-blood-donor-month/)

A
  • A person from whom blood is collected
  • Must be healthy and over 16 years old
55
Q

Antibiotics come from

A
  • Chemical compounds
  • Secreted by certain moulds (Fungi)
  • e.g. Penicillium sp.

(Image: https://accounts.smccd.edu/case/antibiotics.html)

56
Q

Through which means can we administer antibiotics

A
  • Tablet
  • Suspension (liquid)
  • Injection

LS10 - Life Sciences (20 decks)

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