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LS10 - Life Sciences > Circulatory systems > Flashcards

Circulatory systems Flashcards

1
Q

Main components of blood circulatory systems

A
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • blood
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2
Q

Open circulatory systems

A
  • Blood flows freely over tissues,
  • Through an open cavity called a haemocoel
  • Blood flows slowly at low pressure
  • No control over the blood’s distribution
  • Found in some small animals like arthropods
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3
Q

Closed circulatory systems

A
  • Blood flows all the time in a system of vessels – arteries, veins and capillaries
  • Leaves heart and arteries branch to eventually form capillaries
  • Capillaries join up again to form veins that takes blood back to the heart.
  • Found in all vertebrates including humans and all mammals
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4
Q

Double pump closed circulation

A
  • The heart has four chambers
  • That function as two separate pumps
  • Systemic and pulmonary circulation
  • Found in all mammals
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5
Q

Size and shape of the human heart

A
  • About the size of your fist
  • Hollow, pear shaped muscular organ
  • Upper end wider than lower end that points down and to the left
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6
Q

Where the heart is located

A
  • Found in the thoracic cavity
  • Above your diaphragm between the lungs
  • Protected by the sternum and ribs
  • Large blood vessels enter and leave it at the top and keep it in position.
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7
Q

Pericardium

A
  • A double walled membrane
  • Enclosing the heart
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8
Q

How the heart is protected from friction

A
  • Watery fluid
  • Between the pericardium
  • Prevents friction between heart and surrounding organs
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9
Q

How the heart itself gets blood

A
  • Coronary blood vessels
  • coronary arteries
  • coronary veins
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10
Q

Muscular wall dividing heart into left and right side

A

Septum

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11
Q

Side of the heart with oxygenated blood

A

Left

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12
Q

Side of the heart with deoxygenated blood

A

Right

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13
Q

The four chambers of the heart

A
  • Left atrium
  • left ventricle
  • Right atrium
  • right ventricle
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14
Q

Describe the upper chambers of the heart

A
  • Atria
  • Receiving chambers
  • Thinner muscular walls
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15
Q

Describe the lower chambers of the heart

A
  • Ventricles
  • Pumping chambers
  • Thicker muscular walls
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16
Q

Endocardium

A
  • Inside lining of the heart
  • Thin membrane of squamous epithelium
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17
Q

Describe where the right hand side of the heart would be as you look at a picture of it

A

On the left of the picture.

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18
Q

Veins that open into the right atrium

A
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
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19
Q

Valve separating the right atrium from the right ventricle

A
  • tricuspid valve
  • Three valve flaps
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20
Q

bicuspid valve

A

Valve separating the left atrium from the left ventricle

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21
Q

Blood in the superior vena cava

A
  • Deoxygenated
  • From the head and arms to the right atrium
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22
Q

Blood in the inferior vena cava

A
  • Deoxygenated
  • From the lower limbs and abdomen
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23
Q

Blood in the pulmonary arteries

A
  • Deoxygenated
  • From the right ventricle to the lungs
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24
Q

Valve between the right ventricles and the pulmonary artery

A

Semilunar pulmonary valve

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25
Q

The left atrium

A
  • Four pulmonary veins enter the left atrium
  • Bringing oxygenated blood
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26
Q

The bicuspid valve

A
  • The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle
  • Consists of two valve flaps
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27
Q

Blood in the left ventricle

A
  • Oxygenated
  • Is pumped all over the body
  • Leaves via the aorta
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28
Q

Blood vessels that transport blood away for the heart

A

Arteries

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29
Q

Chordae tendineae

A
  • Inelastic tendons
  • Connect the inner walls of the heart to the valves between atria and ventricles
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30
Q

How blood vessel valves work

A
  • Small flaps of tissue
  • They flatten against the sides of the structure when blood flows in correct direction
  • When the blood flows in opposite direction the blood pushes the valve flaps up
  • This closes the opening through which blood can flow
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31
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • At the base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery
  • Where blood leaves the heart
  • They look like half moon membrane sacks
  • Point away from the ventricles in the direction blood should flow
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32
Q

The need for a circulatory system

A
  • Animals tissues need oxygen and nutrients
  • Waste products including carbon dioxide need to be removed
  • More complex animals need a more efficient way of performing these functions
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33
Q

Three phases of the cardiac cycle

A
  • Atrial systole
  • Ventricular systole
  • General diastole
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34
Q

Atrial systole

A
  • 0,1 s
  • Both atria filled with blood contract simultaneously
  • Vein openings are squeezed closed
  • Blood is pumped through atria-ventricular openings
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35
Q

Ventricular systole

A
  • 0,3 s
  • Ventricles contract simultaneously
  • Tricuspid and bicuspid valves close
  • Blood pumped into the main arteries leaving heart
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36
Q

General diastole

A
  • 0,4s
  • ventricles and atria relax
  • blood is drawn from the veins into the atria
  • blood is also able to flow from the atria into the ventricles
  • the semilunar valves prevent blood from the arteries flowing back into the heart.
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37
Q

Main types of blood vessels

A
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
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38
Q

Types of arteries

A
  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
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39
Q

Types of veins

A
  • Veins
  • Venules
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40
Q

Artery structure

A
  • outer fibrous layer of connective tissue
  • middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
  • inner endothelial layer of squamous epithelium
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41
Q

Function of the middle layer of an artery

A

Allows the artery to stretch when blood under high pressure is pumped into it

42
Q

The inner space of a blood vessel through which blood flows

A

lumen

43
Q

Describe a capillary

A
  • Microscopically small
  • walls made of a single layer of endothelium
  • Lumen only allows red blood corpuscles to move in single file
44
Q

What happens in the capillaries?

A
  • Exchange of substances
  • Gases, nutrients and waste products pass through the endothelium
  • Blood flow is quite slow allowing diffusion to take place
45
Q

Structure of veins compared to arteries

A
  • Same three layers as an artery
  • outer two layers are thinner
  • Lumen larger
  • Lumen irregular in shape
  • blood pressure lower
46
Q

How blood is able to flow in veins

A
  • Contraction of skeletal muscles close to the veins
  • squishes the blood
  • valves ensure blood flows in a particular direction
47
Q

Blood tissue composition

A
  • Red blood corpuscles
  • White blood cells
  • Blood platelets
  • Blood plasma
48
Q

Functions of blood plasma

A
  • Transports nutrients
  • Transports waste products
  • regulates body temperature
  • transports hormones
  • Plasma proteins ensure that blood can clot to help healing
49
Q

Structure of red blood corpuscles

A
  • Small, disc shaped cells
  • soft and pliable and can be pressed flat
  • they are bi concave (indented on both sides)
  • have no nuclei
  • contain haemoglobin, an iron containing protein
50
Q

Functions of red blood corpuscles

A
  • Transport oxygen as oxyhemoglobin
  • from lungs to the tissues
  • Transport carbon dioxide as carbaminohaemoglobin
  • from the tissues to the lungs
51
Q

How does the blood change with altitude?

A
  • As altitude increased, the air pressure decreases
  • As air pressure decreases, the less oxygen is available when we breath
  • The body produces more red blood corpuscles if you stay at high altitude
  • This results in more effective transport of the limited oxygen breathed in
52
Q

What does acclimatization to altitude mean?

A
  • A person needing to exercise at high altitudes e.g. an athlete
  • Needs to arrive a few days before the event if they normally live at sea level.
  • This gives their body time to make extra red blood corpuscles
  • Otherwise the athlete will tire very quickly
  • because of their tissues not getting enough oxygen.
53
Q

The structure of white blood cells

A
  • Larger then red blood corpuscles
  • not a fixed shape
  • transparent and almost colorless
  • have a nucleus
  • can move through walls of capillaries and between cells
54
Q

Two main types of white blood cells

A
  • Phagocytes
  • Lymphocytes
55
Q

Functions of white blood cells

A

Our active immune system:

  • Phagocytes move around and engulf bacteria and foreign substances
  • Lymphocytes produce antibodies that destroy bacteria and viruses
56
Q

Blood platelets

A
  • Flat discs that have no nucleus
  • Help with blood clotting in damaged blood vessels
57
Q

Pulmonary circulatory system

A
  • Blood flows from the heart to the lungs and back
  • Leaves the right ventricle and
  • enters the left atrium
58
Q

Systemic circulatory system

A
  • Blood flow from the heart to the body tissues and back to the heart
  • Blood leaves the left ventricle and
  • enters the right atrium
59
Q

An operation where an unhealthy heart is removed and replaced with a healthy heart from a brain dead or dead donor.

A

Heart transplant

60
Q

A surgical procedure providing alternative route for blood flow to the cardiac muscle.

A

Heart bypass

61
Q

A procedure that is carried out to stretch a narrowed artery and remove a blockage.

A

Angioplasty

62
Q

A blood clot which forms in one part of the body, breaks off and is transported to a coronary artery where it causes a blockage.

A

Coronary embolism

63
Q

Blood clot formation in a coronary artery.

A

Coronary thrombosis

64
Q

Condition charatcterised by fat deposits (cholesterol) on the inside of blood vessels resulting from narrowed arteries.

A

Atherosclerosis

65
Q

When the blood supply to the cardiac muscle is interupted and leads to death of a part of the cardiac muscle tissue.

A

Heart attack

66
Q

The loss of brain function due to a disturbance in the blood supply to the brain.

A

A stroke

67
Q

High blood pressure

A

Hypertension

68
Q

Low blood pressure

A

Hypotension

69
Q

The unit in which blood pressure values are measured.

A

mmHg / millimetre mercury

70
Q

Apparatus used to measure blood pressure.

A

Sphygmomanometer

(“Sphyg - mo - manometer”)

71
Q

The force that is exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels.

A

Blood pressure

72
Q

Hereditary cardiovascular diseases

A

Congenital diseases

73
Q

Diseases of the heart and blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular diseases

74
Q

A swelling which develops when tissue fluid is not drained efficiently.

A

Oedema

75
Q

Small bean shaped structures distributed close to the lymphatic vessels.

A

Lymph nodes

76
Q

The blood vessel into which the right lymphatic duct opens.

A

right subclavian vein

77
Q

The main lymphatic vessel into which the lymphatic vessels fromm the right side of the chest, right arm and right side of the head and neck open.

A

right lymphatic duct

78
Q

The blood vessel into which the thoracic duct opens

A

left subclavian vein

79
Q

The main lymphatic vessel into which the lymphatic vessels from the lower limbs, intestines, left side of the chest, left arm and left side of the head and neck open.

A

thoracic duct

80
Q

System of small, blind ending lymphatic vessels that originates and branches between the cells and tissues.

A

lymph capilaries

81
Q

The fluid that was drained between the cells of the tissues and transported back to the blood stream.

A

lymph

82
Q

The fluid that was forced through the capillaries and surrounds the cells of the tissues.

A

Tissue fluid

83
Q

The liquid part of the blood which is forced through the walls of the blood capilaries as a result of blood pressure.

A

Blood plasma

84
Q

Number of heartbeats per minute

A

pulse rate

85
Q

Hormones responsible for accelerating heartbeat

A

adrenaline and thyroxine

86
Q

Nerve fibres that conduct impulses that slow the human heartbeat down to normal.

A

parasympathetic nerve fibres

87
Q

Nerve fibres that conduct impulses that accelerate the human heartbeat

A

sympathetic nerve fibres

88
Q

The part of the human nervous system that controls the heartbeat

A
  • autonomic nervous system
  • (Medulla oblongata)
89
Q

Conducting tissue in the human heart that ensures that te ventricles contract simultaneously from their lower ends.

A

Purkinje fibres

90
Q

Conducting tissue in the human heart through which impulses pass to the Purkinje fibres.

A

Bundle of His

91
Q

Conducting tissue in the human heart that conducts impulses to the bundle of His.

A

AV/atrio-ventricular node

92
Q

Conducting tissue in the human heart known as the pacemaker.

A

SA/sino-atrial node

93
Q

A network of fibres that branches from the Bundle of Hs, at the apex of the heart.

A

Purkinje fibres

94
Q

Special muscle tissue that extends throughout the septum between the two ventricles.

A

Bundle of His

95
Q

A group of specialise muscle cells at te lower end of the septum between the right and left atrium.

A

AV/atrio-ventricular node

96
Q

A group of specialised muscle cells in the wall of the right atrium.

A

SA/sino-atrial node

97
Q

The instrument used to liosten to the heartbeat.

A

Stethoscope

98
Q

Blood vessels where exchange of substances to and from the cells occur.

A

Blood capillaries

99
Q
A

Left atrium

100
Q
A

Bicuspid valve

(Mitral valve)

LS10 - Life Sciences (20 decks)

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