IHH Flashcards
1
Q
Process of visual labeling of some biological entity by attaching or depositing in its vicinity+ a marker of characteristic color or form
A
Staining
2
Q
Marker or the reagent used to generate the marker
A
Stain
3
Q
Tendency for a stain to transfer from a solution onto a section
A
Affinity
4
Q
Type of interaction responsible for attraction between acid and basic dyes and tissue structures
A
Coulombic attractions
5
Q
Electrostatic bond between Acid and basic dyes and other ionic reagents including organic salts
A
Coulombic attractions
6
Q
Type of force involved in Elastic fiber stains+ bisformazans in enzyme histochemistry
A
Van der Waals’ forces
7
Q
Type of bonding in Staining of collagen by Sirius red+ glycogen and carminic acid
A
Hydrogen bonding
8
Q
Type of bonding in Feulgen nuclear+ PAS and mercury orange for thiols+ polar covalent bonds between metal ions in dyes
A
Covalent bonding
9
Q
Chemical compound that reacts with the stain to form an insoluble+ colored precipitate on the tissue
A
Mordant
10
Q
Action of dye is intensified by adding a MORDANT
A
Indirect Staining
11
Q
What the tissue-mordant-dye forms
A
tissue-mordant-dye-complex
12
Q
Process of giving color to the sections by using aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions
A
Direct staining
13
Q
Type of dyes that are positively charged (cationic)
A
Basic dyes
14
Q
Dye example that is positively charged (cationic)
A
Methylene blue
15
Q
Type of Staining systems using aqueous solutions of dyes or other organic reagents
A
Solvent-solvent interactions
16
Q
Effect involving tendency of hydrophobic groupings in an aqueous milieu to come together
A
Hydrophobic effect
17
Q
Type of staining where there is No dye-tissue hydrogen bonding
A
Solvent-solvent interactions
18
Q
Example where fats are stained from aqueous solutions
A
staining fats with Sudan dyes
19
Q
Type of interactions where Dye molecules can attract each other
A
Stain-stain/ Reagent-reagent interactions
20
Q
What aqueous solution driven by
A
hydrophobic effect
21
Q
attractions occur between planar dye molecules
A
In both aqueous and and non-aqueous van der Waal’s
22
Q
Staining example with basic dyes
A
Metachromatic staining
23
Q
Staining example with Inorganic pigments
A
Gomori-type enzyme histochemistry
24
Q
Staining example with Metallic microcrystals
A
silver impregnation
25
Differentiate particular substances by staining them with a color that is different from that of the stain itself
METACHROMATIC STAINING
26
Cartilage+ connective tissue+ epithelial mucin+ mast cell granules and amyloid
METACHROMATIC STAINING EXAMPLES
27
azure or
METACHROMATIC STAINING dye examples+ toluidine blue
28
Metachromasia is due to
dye-dye aggregate formation in the porous+ polyanion rich sites
29
What are metachromatic
mast cell granules
30
color stains different
mast cell granules (purple to red)
31
Specific tissue elements are demonstrated by colorless solutions of metallic salts
METALLIC IMPREGNATION
32
Metals used in METALLIC IMPREGNATION
gold (gold chloride) and silver (silver nitrate)
33
stains are not taken up by their tissue targets
NEGATIVE STAINING
34
Shapes of structures are disclosed by
filling or outlining them with a stain
35
stain showing bone canaliculi
Schmorl’s picro-thionin stain
36
stains have high affinity for tissue elements and/or low affinity for processing fluids and mounting media
Why stain is retained in the tissue
37
basic/cationic dyes that freely and rapidly dissolve in lower alcohols
crystal violet+ methylene blue
38
acid/anionic dyes – less soluble in lower alcohols
Eosin Y+ orange G
39
Non-ionic dyes
Sudan stains
40
soluble in common dehydrating agents and clearing agents
Non-ionic dyes (Sudan stains)
41
Staining of lung with Pulmonary Veno-occlusive Disease
Perl’s Prussian Blue
42
reveals extensive intra-alveolar hemosiderin deposition following pulmonary hemorrhage
Prussian blue
43
Number and affinities of
binding sites
44
high affinity for fat low affinity for proteins
Sudan dyes
45
affinity for DNA
Feulgen nuclear technique
46
structures carrying cationic charges affinity for
Negatively charged acid dyes
47
Structures with equal stain-tissue affinities and equal binding site numbers
Rate of reagent uptake
48
distinguished if the rate of stain uptake
Structures with equal stain-tissue affinities and equal binding site numbers
49
uses short oxidation time+ limiting coloration to fast-reacting 1+2-diol groupings of polysaccharides
PAS
50
uses short oxidation time+ limiting coloration to fast-reacting 1+2-diol groupings of polysaccharides example
PAS + Arteriolar Hyalinosis
51
Differentiation or regressive staining involves
elective losses of stain from tissues
52
Tissue is first overstained
REGRESSIVE STAINING
53
Excess stain is removed or decolorized until desired intensity of color is attained
REGRESSIVE STAINING
54
Example of REGRESSIVE STAINING
Hematoxylin and Eosin
55
selective removal of excess stain from the tissue during regressive staining
DIFFERENTIAL STAINING
56
uses more than one chemical stain to better differentiate between various microorganisms or structures/cellular components
DIFFERENTIAL STAINING
57
primary stain used is a basic dye
DIFFERENTIAL STAINING differentiation is carried out by an
58
alkaline medium is used for differentiation after applying a
acidic dye
59
Alcohol acts as a
differentiator for both basic and acidic dyes
60
staining myelin (blue)
Luxol Fast Blue
61
formalin fixed paraffin embedded normal human cerebellum+ counterstained with cresyl violet (purple)
Luxol Fast Blue
62
Non-selective staining
Heidenhain’s Iron Hematoxylin
63
followed by solvent extraction (dye first leaving permeable structures such as collagen fibers)
Heidenhain’s Iron Hematoxylin
64
impermeable structure retain stain longest
Heidenhain’s Iron Hematoxylin
65
selective staining of living cell constituents
VITAL STAINING
66
demonstrating cytoplasmic structures by phagocytosis of the dye particle (cytoplasmic phagocytosis)+ or by staining of pre-existing cellular components (true vital staining)
VITAL STAINING
67
Vital stains are excluded by the living cells but
taken up by the already dead cells
68
injecting the dye into any part of the animal body
INTRAVITAL STAINING
69
produces specific coloration of certain cells
INTRAVITAL STAINING
70
Common dyes used are lithium+ carmine and India ink
INTRAVITAL STAINING
71
showing deep and focal staining of the lesion
Vital staining with methylene blue
72
Presentation of a true-positive staining on a
red and white homogenous patch on the right buccal mucosa
73
Examine living cells that have been removed from an organism
SUPRAVITAL STAINING
74
stains are used in very dilute solutions
supravital
75
Common dyes
New methylene blue+ Brilliant cresyl blue+ Neutral red+ Janus green+ Trypan blue
76
Prevent losses of tissue constituents in the processing and staining solutions
influence of tissue fixation
77
Retention and reactivity of substances may be
fixative dependent
78
lipids preserved after fixation in
osmium tetroxide or dichromates
79
lipids preserved poorly after fixation in
formalin fixation
80
Use stains compatible with
the fixative and embedding medium
81
Use a
routine+ standardized staining protocol
82
Use controls proactively to identify problems+ not just retrospectively to investigate mistakes
83
Obtain
reliable stains and reagents
84
Ensure stains
remain reliable
85
Immersing the paraffin section in xylene 2x
Deparaffinization
86
Absolute alcohol followed by descending grades of alcohol “Sections to Water”
Rehydration
87
Immersing the sample in dye solution
Staining
88
Increasing grades of alcohol
Dehydration
89
Two changes of xylene
Clearing
90
Describing the origin of a dye
Natural+ Synthetic or aniline
91
Describing the physicochemical properties of a dye
Fluorescent+ leuco+ metachromatic+ neutral
92
Giving some kind of description of the dye’s structure
Azo+ metal complex+ xanthene
93
Describing the dye’s usage in biological staining
Fat+ fluorescent probe+ mucin
94
Describing the dye’s usage in textile dyeing
Acid+ basic+ direct
95
Describing the supposed mode of action of the dye
Mordant+ reactive
96
Natural dyes
Hematoxylin+ Cochineal dyes and its derivatives+ Orcein+ Saffron
97
natural dye derived by extraction from the core or the heartwood of a Mexican tree known as "Hematoxylin Campechianum”
Hematoxylin
98
reagent with powerful nuclear and chromatin staining capacity
Hematoxylin
99
extracted from the female cochineal bug
Cochineal dyes
100
extracted from the female cochineal bug+ which is treated with alum to produce the dye+ carmine
Cochineal dyes
101
for fresh material and smear preparations
Cochineal dye
102
used for glycogen
Best’s Carmine stain
103
used for neuropathological studies
Picocarmine
104
vegetable dye extracted from certain lichens
Orcein
105
weak acid and soluble in alkali
Orcein
106
mainly used for staining
elastic fibers
107
Synthetic Dyes
Acid Dyes+ Basic Dyes+ Neutral Dyes
108
“Coal Tar Dyes”
SYNTHETIC DYES
109
Aniline Dyes
SYNTHETIC DYES
110
Chromophores are substances with definite atomic groupings and are capable of
producing visible colors
111
Auxochrome
SYNTHETIC DYES
112
Auxochrome+an auxiliary radical or substance which imparts to the compound the property of electrolytic dissociation
SYNTHETIC DYES
113
where the active coloring substance is found in the acid component
Acid Dyes
114
Basic cell structures (collagen+ eosinophilic granules of leukocytes+ etc.) have an affinity for the
acid dye ions and are regarded as acidophilic
115
where the active coloring substance is found in a basic component that combines with the acid radical (usually taken from sulfuric+ acetic or hydrochloric acid)
Basic Dyes
116
Acidic cell structures (chromatin+ mucus+ cartilage matrix etc.) have an affinity for
basic dye ions and are therefore regarded as basophilic
117
formed by combining aqueous solutions of acid and basic dyes
Neutral Dyes
118
capable of staining cytoplasm and nucleus simultaneously and differentially
Neutral Dyes
119
Romanowsky dyes used in
hematology
120
Giemsa's stain+ and Irishman's stain for leukocyte differentiation
121
solution with hematoxylin and eosin
COMMON STAINING
122
uses a hematoxylin dye to stain cell nuclei (and other parts) blue and an eosin dye to stain other structures pink or red
HEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN STAINING
123
fluorescent+ xanthene dye which binds to salts with eosinophilic compounds containing positive charges
EOSIN
124
valuable stains used for differentially staining connective tissues and cytoplasm
EOSIN
125
stain acidic (or basophilic) structures purplish blue
HEMATOXYLIN
126
oxidation product+ natural dye responsible for color properties
Hematein
127
Hematoxylin solutions are classified according to
mordant used
128
Aluminum potassium sulfate or aluminum ammonium sulfate
ALUM HEMATOXYLINS
129
recommended for
progressive staining
130
stain nuclei red which is converted to blue-black when washed in
weak alkali
131
Alum hematoxylin stained sections are passed on to an alkaline solution in order to neutralize the acid and free the OH group
Blueing
132
hematoxylin for regressive staining differentiated with I % hydrochloric acid in 70% alcohol
Ehrlich’s Hematoxylin
133
What is also stained intensely blue with Ehrlich’s Hematoxylin
Mucopolysaccharide substances such as cartilage and cement lines of bones
134
tissues subjected to
acid decalcification
135
hematoxylin good regressive stain
Harris Hematoxylin
136
Harris Hematoxylin used for
routine nuclear staining+ in exfoliative cytology+ and for staining of sex chromosomes
