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HISTOPATH LEC - TRANS > 7.4-STAINING G > Flashcards

7.4-STAINING G Flashcards

1
Q

What type of dye is used in Negative staining of bacteria

A

Acidic; anionic dye

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2
Q

What part of the cell does Negative staining change color of

A

Background; not the cells

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3
Q

Why does Negative staining cause cells to stand out

A

Cells are unstained against a colored background

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4
Q

Give two examples of dyes used in Negative staining

A

Nigrosin (a black synthetic dye) or India ink (an aqueous suspension of carbon particles)

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5
Q

What type of charge does the dye have in Simple staining of bacteria

A

Negative

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6
Q

What type of charge does the bacterium have in Simple staining

A

Positive

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7
Q

What is done to the sample before Simple staining

A

Heat fixation

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8
Q

Give an example of a dye used in Simple staining

A

Methylene blue

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9
Q

What is stain reaction in Gram stain due to

A

Difference in the permeability; structure; and chemical components of the bacterial cell wall

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10
Q

What is the main component of Gram positive bacteria cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan

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11
Q

What is the main component of Gram negative bacteria cell wall

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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12
Q

What are the reagents used in Gram stain (VIAS)

A

Crystal violet; Iodine; Acetone or Ethyl Alcohol; Safranin or Carbol fuchsin

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13
Q

What is Gram stain used for

A

Recognition of shape and pattern of bacteria

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14
Q

What fixative is used in Modified Brown-Brenn stain

A

Formalin

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15
Q

What type of sections are used in Modified Brown-Brenn stain

A

Paraffin-embedded

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16
Q

What solutions are used in Modified Brown-Brenn stain

A

Crystal violet; Modified Gram’s Iodine; Basic Fuchsin; Picric acid-acetone; Acetone-Xylene solution

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17
Q

What color do Gram positive organisms; fibrin; and some fungi stain in Modified Brown-Brenn stain

A

Blue

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18
Q

What color do Gram-negative organisms and nuclei stain in Modified Brown-Brenn stain

A

Red

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19
Q

What color do other tissue elements stain in Modified Brown-Brenn stain

A

Yellow

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20
Q

What is the stain used in Gram-Twort stain

A

Twort’s stain – neutral red; fast green in ethanol

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21
Q

What color do Gram positive organisms stain in Gram-Twort stain

A

Blue-black

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22
Q

What color do Gram negative organisms and Nuclei stain in Gram-Twort stain

A

Pink-red

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23
Q

What color do RBCs and most cytoplasmic structures stain in Gram-Twort stain

A

Green

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24
Q

What color do Elastic fibers stain in Gram-Twort stain

A

Black

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25
What component does Acid-fast stain detect
Mycolic acid
26
What does "acid-fast" mean
Able to resist decolorization with acid alcohol
27
What organisms are stained using Acid-fast stain
Mycobacterium
28
What fixative is used in Ziehl-Neelsen stain
Formalin or fixative other than Carnoy’s
29
What type of sections are used in Ziehl-Neelsen stain
Paraffin
30
What solutions are used in Ziehl-Neelsen stain
Carbol-fuchsin; Acid alcohol; Methylene blue
31
What color do Mycobacteria stain in Ziehl-Neelsen stain
Red
32
What color does Background stain in Ziehl-Neelsen stain
Blue
33
What fixative is used in Fite stain for leprosy bacilli and nocardia
10% NBF
34
What type of sections are used in Fite stain for leprosy bacilli and nocardia
Paraffin
35
What solutions are used in Fite stain for leprosy bacilli and nocardia
Xylene-peanut oil; Acid alcohol/ 1% aqueous sulfuric acid for Nocardia; Ziehl-Neelsen Carbol-fuchsin solution; Methylene Blue
36
What color do Acid fast bacteria stain in Fite stain
Red
37
What color does Background stain in Fite stain
Light blue
38
What is unique about Microwave auramine-rhodamine fluorescent technique
Extremely sensitive and highly specific for mycobacteria
39
What fixative is used in Microwave auramine-rhodamine fluorescent technique
10% NBF
40
What type of sections are used in Microwave auramine-rhodamine fluorescent technique
Paraffin
41
What solutions are used in Microwave auramine-rhodamine fluorescent technique
Auramine O-Rhodamine B solution; Acid alcohol; Eriochrome black T
42
What color does Acid fast organism stain in Microwave auramine-rhodamine fluorescent technique
Reddish-yellow fluorescence
43
What color does Background stain in Microwave auramine-rhodamine fluorescent technique
Black
44
What organism causes Chronic gastritis
Helicobacter pylori
45
What is unique about Helicobacter pylori staining
Weakly hematoxylin staining bacilli
46
What fixative is used in Toluidine blue stain for helicobacter
Formalin
47
What type of sections are used in Toluidine blue stain for helicobacter
Paraffin
48
What solution is used in Toluidine blue stain for helicobacter
Toluidine blue in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer
49
What color does Helicobacter stain in Toluidine blue stain
Dark blue
50
What color does Background stain in Toluidine blue stain
Variably blue
51
What solution is used in Cresyl violet acetate method
0.1% cresyl violet acetate
52
What color do Helicobacter and nuclei stain in Cresyl violet acetate method
Blue violet
53
What color does Background stain in Cresyl violet acetate method
Shades of blue-violet
54
What type of organism is Legionella pneumophilia
Small Gram-positive coccobacillus
55
What does Legionella pneumophilia cause
Pneumonia
56
What solution is used in Dieterle method for spirochetes and legionella
Alcoholic Uranyl Nitrate; 10% gum mastic in absolute alcohol; 1% aqueous silver nitrate; Developer
57
What color do L. pneumophilia; spirochetes; bacteria stain in Dieterle method
Brown to black
58
What color does Background stain in Dieterle method
Pale yellow or tan
59
Give two examples of Spirochetes
Treponema pallidum and Leptospira interrogans
60
What disease does Treponema pallidum cause
Syphilis
61
What is unique about Treponema pallidum shape
Corkscrew-shaped microorganism
62
What disease does Leptospira interrogans cause
Leptospirosis
63
What is unique about Leptospira interrogans shape
Curled end/ shepherd’s crook
64
What solutions are used in Warthin-Starry method for spirochetes
Acetate buffer; pH 3.6; 1% silver nitrate; Developer
65
What color do Spirochetes stain in Warthin-Starry method
Black
66
What color does Background stain in Warthin-Starry method
Golden yellow
67
What fixative should be avoided in Steiner and steiner microwave procedure
Mercurial and chromate fixatives
68
What is the recommended fixative in Steiner and steiner microwave procedure
10% neutral buffered formalin
69
What type of sections are used in Steiner and steiner microwave procedure
Paraffin embedded
70
What solutions are used in Steiner and steiner microwave procedure
Uranyl acetate; 1% Solution; Silver nitrate; Gum mastic; Hydroquinone (developer)
71
What color do Spirochetes; H. Pylori; L. Pneumophilia; Other non-filamentous bacteria stain in Steiner and steiner microwave procedure
Dark brown to black
72
What color does Background stain in Steiner and steiner microwave procedure
Light yellow
73
Give four examples of Fungi and actinomycetes
Microsporum and Trichophyton; Aspergillus and Candida albicans; Actinomyces Israeli and Nocardia asteroids; Cryptococcus neoformans
74
What do Microsporum and Trichophyton appear as
Yeast or mycelial forms
75
What type of fungi are Aspergillus and Candida albicans
Opportunistic fungi
76
What type of bacteria are Actinomyces Israeli and Nocardia asteroids
Filamentous bacteria that cause abscess
77
What happens to Polysaccharides in the fungal cell wall in Grocott Methenamine silver nitrate (gms) staining
Oxidized to aldehydes by chromic acid
78
What type of substances remain reactive with methenamine silver in Grocott Methenamine silver nitrate (gms) staining
Substances that possess large quantities of polysaccharides such as fungal cell walls; glycogen and mucins
79
What does sodium borate act as in Grocott Methenamine silver nitrate (gms) staining
Buffer
80
What does Gold chloride act as in Grocott Methenamine silver nitrate (gms) staining
Toning solution
81
What does sodium thiosulfate do in Grocott Methenamine silver nitrate (gms) staining
Removes any unreduced silver
82
What color should Fungi stain in Grocott Methenamine silver nitrate (gms) staining
Cell walls should be crisp black; and the internal structures should be visible
83
What color should Mucin stain in Grocott Methenamine silver nitrate (gms) staining
Taupe to dark gray
84
What color should Background stain in Grocott Methenamine silver nitrate (gms) staining
Green
85
What do viruses cause in hepatocytes
Ground glass hepatocytes
86
What do Molluscum contagiosum form
Large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic bodies in maturing keratinocytes of the skin
87
What do Herpes virus form
Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusion
88
What does Cytomegalovirus cause
Enlargement of infected cells; with prominent intranuclear inclusions; and sometimes granular hematoxyphilic cytoplasmic inclusions
89
What does Lendrum's Phloxine-Tartrazine Method stain
All tissue red with phloxine
90
What happens after staining with Phloxine
Differentiated for displacement with the counterstain; tartrazine
91
What color do Viral inclusions stain in Lendrum's Phloxine-Tartrazine Method
Bright red
92
What color do Red blood cells stain in Lendrum's Phloxine-Tartrazine Method
Variably yellow to orange red
93
What color do Nuclei stain in Lendrum's Phloxine-Tartrazine Method
Blue-gray
94
What color does Background stain in Lendrum's Phloxine-Tartrazine Method
Yellow to pink
95
What is Orcein Method for staining
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
96
What is based on in Orcein Method
Permanganate oxidizing the sulfur-containing proteins to sulfonate residues
97
With what do sulfonate residues react in Orcein Method
Orcein
98
What color do Hepatitis-B antigen; elastic; some mucins stain in Orcein Method
Brown-black
99
What color does Background stain in Orcein Method
Yellow
100
What is Giemsa stain recommended for
Blood and marrow parasites (Leishmania; Malaria and Trypanosomes); inclusion conjunctivitis; Toxoplasma; spirochetes and other bacteria
101
What color do Protozoa and some other organism stain in Giemsa stain
Dark blue
102
What color does Background stain in Giemsa stain
Pink-pale blue
103
What color do Nuclei stain in Giemsa stain
Blue

HISTOPATH LEC - TRANS (17 decks)

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