IGOs and TNCs as alternative superpowers

Question 1

The World Bank and IMF (2+ 3-)

Answer 1

-provide loans to developing

-reduces poverty

-criticised for unethical and environmentally damaging project funding

-given loans to those that cannot repay so developing agree to SAPs to open market and privatise companies

• USA and EU have majority voting rights who favour IGO interests not indebted countries

Question 2

WTO (2+ 1-)

Answer 2

-ensure free global trade

-164 countries signed to ensure im/exporters and producers protected

-failed to stop developed protecting own industries
-USA and EU give subsidies to their farmers but those in developing lost out as produce is less competitive

Question 3

The WEF (world economic forum)

Answer 3

-Swiss not-for-profit organisation
-encourages public-private co-operation
-meeting in Davos yearly
-$19k to attend so many small businesses miss out

Question 4

UN Security Council (6+ 2-)

Answer 4

-arguably most powerful IGO
-5 permanent states (UK, USA, France, China, Russia)
-10 non-permanent rotate every 2 years
POWER TO
-sanction countries that pose security rick eg North Korea
-military force authorised
-UN Peacekeeping Force authorised to reduce conflicts

Criticised- any permanent can veto a decision
-USA,UK, France vs China and Russia so no progress

Question 5

International Court of Justice (5)

Answer 5

-Hague, The Netherlands
-settles disputes between UN states
-15 judges- 5 from West and rest from other
-achieve geopolitical stability
-hold government accountable for actions against human rights

Question 6

UN Climate Change Conferences

Answer 6

-encourage reduction in greenhouse gas emissions to protect environment

-Montreal Protocol- 1987 aimed to stop use of Halons and CFCs (damaging to ozone layer)

-Kyoto Protocol- 1997 reduce greenhouse gas emissions

-Paris Agreement- 2015, highest no. of signatures, USA have withdrawn since (key emitter)