Ideologies

Question 1

Heywood (02) definition

Answer 1

A political ideology is a set of logical political ideas that provide a plan of action, whether that action is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow an existing political system.

Question 2

Liberalism

Answer 2

Central to the liberal ideology is a belief in individualism - societies should recognize the uniqueness of individuals and develop policies that allow people to develop in their own way. Liberalism places more value on the notion of individuality then on equality of such. While individuals should be accorded equality of opportunity, it has to be recognized that they have unequal talents and therefore unequal potential.

Question 3

Classic liberalism

Answer 3

Places more emphasis on limited government than progressive liberalism.

Question 4

Progressive liberalism

Answer 4

Acknowledged the fact that leaving individuals to the ups and downs of the market created social problems that only a degree of state intervention could solve.

Question 5

Dawson (00)

Answer 5

Liberalism is more like an extended family of political theorists who share common concerns, values and a vision of an ideal community.

Question 6

Conservatism

Answer 6

Central to the conservative ideology is a belief in tradition - societies should recognize the value of tried and tested customs and institutions from the past and use them guides to here and now. View of society is based on an organic analogy, where society is thought of as an organic whole. Belief in authority and therefore a hierarchy. Exteriorization of people’s personality through property ownership.

Question 7

Heywood (02) conservative

Answer 7

Significant divisions in conservative ideology: authoritarian conservatism is more reactionary and dictatorial form, paternalistic is still top-down but stresses social obligations of rich and powerful to those below them.

Question 8

Neo-Conservatism.

Answer 8

Neo-conservatism is one of the divisions in conservative ideology. Potentially a mixture of traditional conservative and neo-liberal ideology with the a significant religious element to it.

Question 9

Giddens (06)

Answer 9

In the conservative wing of the republican party, policies and rhetoric were influenced by fundamentalist religious organizations.

Question 10

Keddie (99)

Answer 10

Argues that fundamentalism can be regarded as a new religious politics. She views fundamentalism positively and suggests that it may be a focus for resistance to racism and discrimination. However it can be seen negatively.

Question 11

Conservative ideology criticisms

Answer 11

Conservative ideology always attracts criticism on the grounds that - with it belief in authority, hierarchy and the status quo - it is simply a mask for ruling class ideology.

Question 12

Marxism

Answer 12

Central to the Marxist ideology is a concern with the means of production because it is this that shapes the relationships of individuals and groups in society. Te factory system created the financial wealth of a new capitalist class - the bourgeoisie - but only at the expense of the property less proletariat.

Question 13

Mackintosh and Mooney (00)

Answer 13

Emphasize three crucial themes: when workers become class conscious, there is a possibility of collective political action through experience of organization and class struggle.

Question 14

Heywood (02) marxist

Answer 14

Marxism - Classical Marxism is produced by Marx himself, which he though of as a socialism based on the new scientific thinking of the age, orthodox Marxism is the way its founder’s ideas were put into practice in Russia as Marxism-Leninism and Modern Marxism is the way its founders have modified by the academics in Western Europe as neo-marxism.

Question 15

Neo-Marxism

Answer 15

Pays much attention to the ways in which the ruling class continue to be able to promote false consciousness.

Question 16

Gramsci (71)

Answer 16

Broadened the definition of ‘political’ to include institutions such as religion , mass media and the work place. Through these institutions, ruling-class ideas spread into everyday lives of ordinary people, shaping their thoughts and influencing their behaviour.

Question 17

Westergaard and Resler (76)

Answer 17

Discuss the way liberal and conservative ideologies stress meritocratic inequality, market mechanisms, profit and private property.

Question 18

Feminism

Answer 18

Central to the feminist ideology is the concept of patriarchy, which is indispensable to an analysis of gender inequality, according to Walby.

Question 19

Walby

Answer 19

Feminist - Differentiates between private patriarchy and public patriarchy. Also distinguishes between first-wave feminism and second-wave feminism. Both waves held a common view of women. The first one women were campaigning for the right to vote. The second one, women demonstrated and protested in various ways.

Question 20

Jowett (01)

Answer 20

Feminist - Reviews the relevance of this ideology 30 years after the second wave and admits it is facing a real test today and has become more fragmented: black feminists, radical feminists etc.

Question 21

Anarchism

Answer 21

Central to anarchist ideology is a belief that all forms of compulsory government are unnecessary - people are capable of arranging their own affairs without state control.

Question 22

Proudhon

Answer 22

Anarchist -Property is theft ad capitalism a source of injustice and exploitation. Anarchists see the state as corrupt and natural social order as spontaneous and harmonious.

Question 23

Anarchism Criticism

Answer 23

Critics think of anarchism as a utopian ideology and no large-scale society has ever been built on its principles because it rejects conventional means of political action and is unlikely any society will ever develop from it.