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MCAT Psychology and Sociology > Identity and Personality > Flashcards

Identity and Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a self-concept?

A

our understanding of who we are

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2
Q

What is an identity?

A

a component of a self-concept based on a group to which we belong

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3
Q

What are some identities?

A

gender, ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, political affiliation

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4
Q

What does androgyny mean in regard to gender identity?

A

it means that the individual has both masculine and female traits in one state of being

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5
Q

What does undifferentiated mean in regard to gender identity?

A

it means that the individual does not seem to demonstrate masculine or feminine traits (also known as gender-nonconforming)

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6
Q

What is the name of the phenomenon that we only express certain parts of our identities based on the situation we find ourselves in?

A

hierarchy of salience

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7
Q

What is the main premise of self-discrepancy theory?

A

that our self-concept defines how we evaluate and value ourselves

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8
Q

What are the three components of self-discrepancy theory?

A

the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self

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9
Q

Bob wants to become a pianist, but he knows that his family wants him to become a farmer. In this case, what parts of the self-discrepancy theory are revealed?

A

ideal self - pianist, ought self - farmer

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10
Q

Describe how self-esteem is defined in terms of self-discrepancy theory.

A

self esteem is defined as how closely the actual self, the ideal self, and ought self match

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11
Q

What is the self-efficacy?

A

the evaluation of how well you can do something

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12
Q

Self-efficacy can be considered a spectrum. What are at its polar ends?

A

overconfidence and learned helplessness

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13
Q

What are the main theories of identity/self-concept development?

A

Psychosexual theory, psychosocial theory, moral reasoning theory, and cultural theory

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14
Q

Who came up with the psychosexual theory of identity development?

A

Freud

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15
Q

What type of energy does Freud claim drives identity formation?

A

libidinal energy

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16
Q

What are the stages of Freud’s psychosexual development?

A

oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latent stage, genital stage

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17
Q

What is a fixation?

A

an overindulgence in one particular stage of psychosexual development

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18
Q

A fixation in what stage would cause someone to be anal-retentive, thus overly ordered and high maintenance?

A

anal stage

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19
Q

A fixation in what stage would cause someone to be excessively dependent on other people?

A

oral stage

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20
Q

What are the two parts of the phallic stage that depend on whether you are a male or a female?

A

Oedipal (male) and Electra (female)

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21
Q

Who made psychosocial theory?

A

Erickson

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22
Q

What is the premise of psychosocial theory?

A

we learned how to be ourselves through answering existential questions

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23
Q

Who made the theory of moral reasoning?

A

Kohlberg

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24
Q

What are the stages of Kohlberg’s identity formation theory? Label them as either pre-conventional, conventional, or post-conventional

A
  1. obedience
  2. self-interest (pre-conventional)
  3. conformity (conventional)
  4. law and order (conventional)
  5. social contract (post-conventional)
  6. human ethics (post-conventional)
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25
Q

Who claimed that assimilating to cultural norms was the primary reason we developed identities?

A

Vygostsky

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26
Q

According to Vygotsky, what is the zone of proximal development?

A

the skills we can attain through the help of a more knowledgeable other

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27
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

the awareness of how other people will perceive us if we act a certain way

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28
Q

What is the main difference between personality and our self-concept/identity?

A

While the self-concept defines who we are, our personality is how we actually act.

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29
Q

What are the main types of theories of personality?

A

psychoanalytic, humanistic, type and trait, and behaviorist

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30
Q

Although there are several psychoanalytic theories, what ties them all together?

A

that we have unconscious desires that control the way that we act

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31
Q

What are the three main states of our personality according to Freud?

A

the conscious, the pre-conscious, and the unconscious

32
Q

What are the three main “players” that control our personality?

A

the id, the superego, and the ego

33
Q

True or False.

The id is entirely unconscious.

A

true

34
Q

What drives the id?

A

impulsive desires

35
Q

What are the two parts of the superego?

A

the conscience and the ego-ideal

36
Q

Joe robs a store. When he gets home, he begins to feel bad. What part of his identity is causing him to think this way according to Freudian psychoanalytic theory of personality?

A

the superego, specifically his conscience

37
Q

Bob ends up returning the items he stole from the store. Although he gets arrested and fined, he feels good that he did the right thing. What part of his identity is causing him to think this way according to Freudian psychodynamic theory of personality?

A

the superego, specifically his ego-ideal

38
Q

What is the job of the ego?

A

to reduce tension caused by the id and the superego

39
Q

What does the ego rely on to help ease tensions between conflicting desires of the id and the superego?

A

defense mechanisms

40
Q

Name the main defense mechanisms.

A 
repression
suppression
rationalization
projection
displacement
sublimation
regression
reaction formation
41
Q

Besides Freud, who else had the most well-known psychodynamic theory?

A

Jung

42
Q

While Freud’s theory of personality is based on desires, what is Jung’s based on?

A

innate archetypes

43
Q

What are the two types of consciousness according to Jung?

A

consciousness and unconsciousness

44
Q

What are the two types of unconsciousness according to Jung?

A

personal unconsciousness and collectivist unconsciousness

45
Q

What are the main archetypes of Jung?

A

persona, anima, animus, shadow

46
Q

What is the definition of the self according to Jung?

A

the intersection of the consciousness and the unconsciousness (referred to as mandala)

47
Q

What are the dichotomies of Jung?

A

extrovert vs introvert, sensing vs intuiting, thinking vs feeling

48
Q

A less known psychodynamic theory is Alder’s theory. What is theory based on?

A

inferiority complexes drive us to want to be superior

49
Q

What are the two main parts of Alder’s theory?

A

the creative self and the style of life

50
Q

What is the creative self?

A

the force that causes an individual to shape his unique personality

51
Q

What is the the style of life?

A

the manifestation of the creative self, how the individual plans to gain superiority

52
Q

What is fictional finalism?

A

the notion that we focus on the future fantasies and hope they become true despite objective past occurrences

53
Q

What is Karen Horney known for?

A

her psychodynamic theory of neurotic needs

54
Q

Describe the the theory of neurotic needs.

A

the notion that we form our personalities based on interpersonal relationships and trying to avoid conflict/awkwardness/loss of self-esteem in these interactions

55
Q

According to the theory of neurotic needs, if a parent does not meet those for a child, what can result?

A

basic anxiety or basic hostility

56
Q

What is object-relations theory?

A

subjective theories of our childhood affect how we see the world as an adult

57
Q

What are humanistic perspectives of personality based on?

A

the value of individuals, their inherent goodness

58
Q

Why is Gestalt therapy antithetical to any psychodynamic approach to personality?

A

it treats the person as a holistic subject rather than reducing him to his instinctual drives

59
Q

Who are the main four psychologists involved in humanist theories of personality?

A

Lewin, Maslow, Kelly, and Rogers

60
Q

Describe Lewin’s theory of forcefields?

A

he believed that our personalities were simply an invisible field of forces acting upon us. he believed that they could be overcome and changed

61
Q

According to Maslow, what is a peak-experience?

A

life-changing, moving event

62
Q

What is Kelly’s theory?

A

personal construct theory

63
Q

What is Carl Roger’s theory?

A

unconditional positive regard

64
Q

What is the basis of type and trait theories?

A
  • type- describe taxonomy of personality types

- trait- describe sum of behaviors that describe somebody

65
Q

What is an early type theory? A new type theory?

A
  • humors of the body

- somatotypes

66
Q

What is the main model of trait theory?

A

PEN Model

67
Q

What does the P mean in the PEN model?

A

psychoticism (measure of nonconformity)

68
Q

What does the E mean in the PEN model?

A

extraversion (tolerance of social interaction)

69
Q

What does the N mean in the PEN model?

A

neuroticism (emotional arousal in stressful situations)

70
Q

The PEN model has evolved now into what five categories?

A

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

71
Q

What are the three part of Allport’s trait theory?

A

cardinal, central, and secondary traits

72
Q

Describe the phenomenon of functional autonomy in regard to Allport’s trait theory?

A

the continuation of a behavior despite satisfaction of the original drive that created the behavior

73
Q

What is the trait that David Mcleland identified?

A

N-Ach

74
Q

Who created the behaviorist theory of personality?

A

Skinner

75
Q

What is a token economy?

A

a reward used in operant conditioning

76
Q

What is the main idea involved in the social cognitive perspective of personality?

A

reciprocal determinism

MCAT Psychology and Sociology (8 decks)

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