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Business and the Natural Environment > Identifying Environmental Issues > Flashcards

Identifying Environmental Issues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the natural environment?

A
  • All living and non-living things occurring naturally on earth
  • That which is not created by man
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2
Q

What does Brooks (2011) say about private sector organisations and the environment?

A

Most private sector organisations have been created to solve a social issue but they’re operations are problematic because their interests are that of greed

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3
Q

What environmental issues exist?

A
  • Water pollution
  • Air pollution
  • Noise pollution
  • Waste pollution
  • Soil contamination
  • Global warming
  • Deforestation
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4
Q

How are environmental issues not a new thing?

A

1952 - “killer fog” identified to kill 4000 in London (EPA, 2000)

1960 - Lake Erie in the US was extremely polluted (Hart, 1997)

Carson (1962) documented negative environmental impacts from uncritical growth, focusing on the spread of pesticides

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5
Q

What does self interest result in?

A

Degradation of the commons (natural resources), satisfying our own needs by over exploitation of natural resources because they are free

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6
Q

How is air pollution prevalent around the world according to WHO (2016)?

A

Good in New York and Sydney, moderate in Moscow, unhealthy for sensitive groups in London and Paris. very unhealthy in Beijing and hazardous in Delhi

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7
Q

How are we pushing out planet to its limits?

A
  • Deforestation and habitat destruction (palm oil)
  • Unsustainable farming practices
  • Unsustainable water usage
  • Overfishing
  • Human population growth
  • Over consuming - waste culture
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8
Q

What are the issues with economic theory?

A
  • Metrics of economic growth ignore the environment e.g GDP
  • Market failure and information asymmetries taken for granted, rational choice theory assumes rational behaviour
  • Perception of value linked with financial benefits only
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9
Q

What is the trouble with globalisation?

A
  • States retreat in the name of cost-efficiency

- Change in market structures (from monopolistic competition to oligopolies/monopolies)

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10
Q

How does unprecedented corporate power make globalisation issues worse?

A

Out of top 100 economies, 69 are corporations –> clear political role

How can we control unprecedented corporate power i.e collusion

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11
Q

What gives rise to populism?

A

People excluded from globalisation’s benefits and environmental protection isn’t their main priority

Populism from both sides: promises of prosperity and Jons, no environmental concerns

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12
Q

What will help improvement in terms of the natural environment?

A

Dealing with our inherent bias and form opinions based on facts

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13
Q

What are the ancient problems?

A
  • “World System” extended on a global scale 1200-1788 = resource exploitation
  • Enslavement and extinction of small indigenous cultures e.g Canary Islands
  • Uninhabited islands (St Helena and Mauritius) - forests cleared, plantations and import of alien animals (pigs, goats and rats)
  • Extinction of the Dodo
  • Extinctions in Mauritius and St Helena
  • Overfishing 1700s
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14
Q

What are some examples of early environmentalism?

A

‘Conservancy’ first adopted in 1400s in related to control of river basins e.g Themes

Venetian Republic: ideas about controlling deforestation to control erosion

First forest protection legislation 1702 in Caribbean Leeward Islands to prevent soil erosion and flooding due to unrestricted logging

1650s - protection of indigenous edible sea birds in Bermuda

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15
Q

How were the effects of colonial economic globalisation addressed prior to 1760s?

A

In order to protect local food, fuel, timber supplies and rare island species

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16
Q

What French theory spread from Pierre Poivre in the 1760s?

A

The recognition of the link between deforestation and rainfall and regional climate changes after observing the effects of deforestation in the East Indies and Mauritius

17
Q

How was Great Britain affected by Poivre’s theory and the Peace of Paris (1763)?

A

Control over heavily forested islands in the Caribbean; Tobago, Grenada, St Vincent and Dominica - fear that unrestricted deforestation would lead to rainfall reduction

18
Q

What was the 1764 ordinance and the 1765 ordinance ?

A

Protected forest in the mountainous part of Tobago, still exists, applied scientific theory to get this bill passed

Identical ordinance applied to Barbados and Dominica in 1765

Recognised that profits needed restriction to sustain the environment in the long term

Implied a role for the state in protecting the environment

19
Q

How did Poirvre impact the French colony of Mauritius ?

A

Poivre arrived 1767 and favoured the encouragement of the latest agricultural science to increase food production, boost the well-being of the rural economy and preserve landscape aesthetics

20
Q

How did Poirve and Saint Pierre legislate and theorise?

A

Climate control, pollution, deforestation, fishery conservation and tree planting

Influenced the Caribbean ‘Kings Hill Forest Act’ (1791) on St Vincent rain reserve

21
Q

How was St Helena protected in 1794 after being affected by drought of 1791?

A

Forest protection: Alexander Anderson (Scottish scientist) formulated early environmentalism of the British empire (1780-1900), influenced US empire

22
Q

What is the history of (lack of) state intervention in environmental issues in India?

A

Emergence of environmentalism in India was important due to vast land and failed state

India-wide Forest Department set up 1864

1880 - department controlled 1/5 of land in India: caused some social conflict with hunters, but sustained

23
Q

How did the Indian forest reserve system, developed under GB rule become the basis for say land use reservation on a vast scale?

A

The preservation of wilderness and the form of national parks by the state appealed mainly to the reasons of aesthetics and species protection (North America and Northern countries)

24
Q

Why did Franklin Hugh recommend and get congress approval of forest protection in the US in 1873?

A

Due to the assumption that private capital interests could not be trusted to safeguard and conserve resources where environmental stability, human and LT economic well being were concerns

25
Q

What was the main threat to rich tropical forests in Malaysia Hong Kong and Japan?

A

Multinational timber companies - no notion of sustainability, 11 million hectares of tropical forest now disappearing annually

26
Q

What is the tragedy of freedom in the commons?

A

A situation where individuals act in their own self interest to exploit a shared resource system and behave contrary to the good of all users by depleting the shared resource

27
Q

How is the tragedy of the commons present in the problem of pollution?

A

Case of putting something into thew commons rather than taking something out e.g sewage, chemical /radioactive/heat waste into water, noxious and dangerous fumes: cannot fence air or water - need laws

28
Q

Why is freedom to breed intolerable?

A
  • If each human were dependent only on its own resources, if children starved to death, overbreeding would bring its own punishment
  • Commitment to welfare state fuels overpopulation
  • Declaration of Human Rights describes the family size as a choice only for the family to make
29
Q

How is conscience self eliminating (i.e we cannot appeal to conscience for population control?

A

Darwin’s argument that conscience or desire for children is hereditary so if we appeal to confidence, there will be a greater proportion of those with a desire for children

30
Q

What are the pathogenic effects of conscience?

A

The idea that appealing to conscience with the absence of sanctions is an attempts to get a man to act against his self interest, to get something for nothing

31
Q

What is moral coercion?

A

The social arrangements that create responsibility are those that create coercion, infringing on freedom

E.g taxing - allowing freedom but adding expense

32
Q

What is mutual coercion?

A

Mutually agreed upon by the majority of people affected, we support taxes and other coercive devices to escape the horror of the commons

33
Q

What is recognition of necessity?

A

The commons is only justifiable under the conditions of low population density

Every new enclosure of the commons involves infringement on somebody’s personal liberty

Struggling to close the commons to pollution by vehicles, factories, insecticide sprays, atomic energy

34
Q

How is freedom the recognition of necessity?

A

Freedom will bring ruin to all - freedom to breed

It is the role of education to reveal to all the necessity to abandon freedom to breed- the only way to end tragedy of the commons

Business and the Natural Environment (10 decks)

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