Identification (Intro to Orthosis)

Question 1

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example, Nerve

Answer 1

• FO (Foot Orthosis)
• Indications Accommodative FO for fixed foot deformities, Corrective FO for neutral alignment.
• Contraindications Severe structural foot deformities requiring higher-level orthoses.
• Example Heel wedges for pronated feet.
• Nerve None.

Question 2

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example, Nerve

Answer 2

• Floor Reaction AFO (FRO)
• Indications Crouch gait, quadriceps weakness, knee instability.
• Contraindications Genu recurvatum, ACL deficiency.
• Example Spina bifida patients with crouched gait.
• Nerve None.

Question 3

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example, Nerve

Answer 3

• Weight Relieving AFO
• Indications After ankle/foot injuries or plantar fasciitis.
• Contraindications No significant structural damage.
• Example Post-injury walking boot.
• Nerve None.

Question 4

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example, Nerve

Answer 4

• SMO (Supra Malleolar Orthosis)
• Indications Severe pes planus, mild ankle instability, mild-to-moderate CP.
• Contraindications Equinovarus, Severe tone issues (hypertonicity), sagittal plane weakness, dominant toe walking.
• Example Children with flexible pes planus or post-tibial dysfunction.
• Nerve None.

• More than a UCBL but less than a DAFO. Comes up over the ankles. Controls the ankles for better foot/heel correction.

Question 5

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example, Nerve

Answer 5

• UCBL (University of California Biomechanics Laboratory Orthosis)
• Indications Pronation control, flexible pes planus, subtalar instability.
• Contraindications Toe walkers, moderate-to-high tone.
• Example Adults with posterior tibial dysfunction.
• Nerve None.

Question 6

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example, Nerve

Answer 6

• Dynamic Extension Assist KO
• Indications Contracture prevention and extension assist.
• Contraindications None provided.
• Example Post-surgical contracture prevention.
• Nerve None.

• Off the Shelf KO

Question 7

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example, Nerve

Answer 7

• OA Off-Weighting Braces
• Indications Osteoarthritis affecting medial or lateral compartments.
• Contraindications Severe knee deformities or ligament instability.
• Example Unilateral knee OA patients with mild varus/valgus alignment.
• Nerve None.

Question 8

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example, Nerve

Answer 8

• Posterior Leaf Spring AFO
• Indications Mild to moderate foot drop, knee hyperextension.
• Contraindications Severe spasticity, coronal plane instability.
• Example LMN flaccid paralysis of dorsiflexors.
• Nerve Peroneal nerve (related to dorsiflexor weakness).

• Posterior leaf spring is the most common AFO
• Mildly controls knee hyperextension and mildly/moderately controls foot drop.

Question 9

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example, Nerve

Answer 9

• Dynamic Stretching Orthosis (Plantar Fascia)
• Indications Plantar fasciitis, nighttime stretching of plantar fascia.
• Contraindications None specified.
• Example Patients with heel pain requiring passive stretching during rest.
• Nerve Tibial nerve (related to plantar fascia tension and pain).

Question 10

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example, Nerve

Answer 10

• Functional Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
• Indications Drop foot, impaired dorsiflexion due to CNS trauma or disease.
• Contraindications Patients with severe peripheral nerve damage.
• Example Stroke patients using WalkAide for gait assistance.
• Nerve Peroneal nerve (dorsiflexion assistance).

Question 11

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example, Nerve

Answer 11

• KAFO with Stance Control
• Indications Knee buckling, flaccid paralysis of quadriceps.
• Contraindications Knee or ankle contractures, insufficient hip musculature.
• Example Patients needing stance phase stability with swing-phase knee flexion.
• Nerve Femoral nerve (quadriceps weakness compensation).

Question 12

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example, Nerve

Answer 12

• Ischial Weight-Bearing KAFO
• Indications Paralytic limbs, unweighting due to fractures or injuries.
• Contraindications Obesity or larger patients.
• Example SCI patients needing limb unweighting.
• Nerve Sciatic nerve (pressure relief for sciatic-related impairments).

Question 13

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 13

• Dynamic AFO (DAFO)
• Indications Mild-to-moderate diplegic cerebral palsy; dynamic alignment and sensation improvement.
• Contraindications Severe rigid deformities.
• Example Pediatric patients needing sagittal plane control.

Question 14

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 14

• Spiral AFO
• Indications Mild-to-moderate medial-lateral ankle instability with dorsiflexion/plantarflexion weakness.
• Contraindications Severe instability, fluctuating edema.
• Example Patients with mild drop foot and minimal spasticity.

Question 15

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 15

• Patellofemoral Braces
• Indications Patellofemoral pain syndrome, lateral tracking of the patella.
• Contraindications Severe ligament instability requiring more rigid support.
• Example Patients with anterior knee pain due to malalignment.

Question 16

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 16

• Athletic KO
• Indications Preventative use for mild knee instability.
• Contraindications Severe instability requiring rigid orthoses.
• Example Athletes prone to ACL injuries.

Question 17

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 17

• Metatarsal Bars
• Indications Metatarsalgia, relieving pressure from metatarsal heads.
• Contraindications None specified.
• Example Patients with pain under metatarsal heads due to forefoot disorders.

Question 18

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 18

• Plantar Fascia Splint
• Indications Plantar fasciitis, to maintain dorsiflexion during sleep.
• Contraindications None specified.
• Example Patients with heel pain requiring nighttime stretching of the plantar fascia.

Question 19

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 19

• Reciprocating Gait Orthosis (RGO)
• Indications Spinal cord injury, myelomeningocele; facilitates reciprocal gait pattern.
• Contraindications Poor upper body strength or trunk control.
• Example Pediatric spina bifida patients achieving ambulation.

Question 20

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 20

• Alternating Reciprocal Gait Orthosis (ARGO)
• Indications SCI patients, children with neuromuscular conditions; facilitates reciprocal gait.
• Contraindications High energy consumption.
• Example Patients attempting to regain limited mobility post-SCI.

Question 21

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 21

• Solid Ankle Foot Orthosis (SAFO)
• Indications Severe spasticity, crouch gait, extreme high or low tone neurological conditions.
• Contraindications Mild dysfunctions like mild foot drop.
• Example Stroke patients needing locked ankle for knee stability.

• SAFO: If DAFO’s are dynamic then SAFO’s are rigid.
• Able to control hypertonicity or severe low tone i.e. flaccidity.
• Creates extension moment at the knee

Question 22

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 22

• HKAFO (Hip Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis)
• Indications Severe paralysis, SCI, spina bifida.
• Contraindications High energy expenditure, high rejection rates.
• Example Children with myelomeningocele requiring maximal support.

Question 23

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 23

• S.W.A.S.H. Orthosis
• Indications Maintains femoral abduction in standing, walking, and sitting.
• Contraindications Not specified.
• Example Children with hip instability or excessive adduction.

Question 24

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 24

• Bilateral Metal Upright AFO
• Indications Neuropathic feet, uncontrolled edema, foot drop with poor skin integrity.
• Contraindications Bulkiness and patient preference.
• Example Post-polio syndrome patients with fluctuating edema.

Question 25

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 25

• Dorsiflexion Assist AFO
• Indications Drop foot, dorsiflexion weakness.
• Contraindications Severe tone levels, altered knee control.
• Example Individuals with stroke-related dorsiflexion weakness.

Question 26

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 26

• Swedish Knee Cage
• Indications Genu recurvatum.
• Contraindications High activity levels.
• Example Post-CVA patients with hyperextension.

Question 27

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 27

• Hip Guidance Orthosis (HGO)
• Indications Severe neurological impairments like cerebral palsy.
• Contraindications Energy inefficiency for community ambulation.
• Example Children with neuromuscular disorders for limited mobility.

Question 28

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 28

• Craig-Scott Orthosis
• Indications Paraplegia post-SCI, allows swing-through gait.
• Contraindications Intact lower limb motor control.
• Example Patients with thoracic SCI for ambulation.

Question 29

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 29

• Hip Abduction Brace
• Indications Post-operative positioning after hip surgery, hip dislocations.
• Contraindications Not specified.
• Example Patients recovering from hip replacement requiring controlled positioning.

Question 30

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 30

• Total Contact KAFO
• Indications Need for customized fit, better load distribution.
• Contraindications Volume fluctuations, skin issues.
• Example Patients requiring total contact for stability.

Question 31

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 31

• Free Motion/Articulated/Hinge AFO
• Indications Ankle instability requiring controlled dorsiflexion/plantarflexion while allowing some natural motion.
• Contraindications Severe spasticity or need for complete immobilization.
• Example Patients with mild dorsiflexor weakness but good knee control.

Question 32

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 32

• Immobilizing AFO
• Indications Severe trauma or fractures requiring complete ankle immobilization.
• Contraindications Situations where dynamic or partial mobility is needed.
• Example Post-surgical support for ankle fractures or ligament repair.

Question 33

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 33

• Bi-Channel Adjustable Ankle Lock (BiCAAL)
• Indications Adjustable control of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion for patients with progressive conditions or fluctuating needs.
• Contraindications Patients unable to tolerate mechanical weight.
• Example Patients with post-polio syndrome needing variable support.

Question 34

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 34

• Non-Articulated KO
• Indications Simple support for knee stability in cases of mild instability.
• Contraindications Conditions requiring dynamic or articulated movement.
• Example Patients with ligament strains needing minimal stabilization.

Question 35

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 35

• Single/Double Bar KAFO
• Indications Severe knee and ankle instability, post-polio syndrome, SCI, or CVA.
• Contraindications Adequate control achievable with less restrictive orthoses.
• Example Patients with spina bifida requiring significant lower limb support.

Question 36

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

Answer 36

• Parapodiums, Standing Frames, Swivel Walkers
• Indications Facilitating upright posture, weight-bearing, and limited ambulation in individuals with severe paralysis.
• Contraindications High energy demands for independent walking or lack of upper body strength.
• Example Children with spinal cord injury or cerebral palsy needing assistive standing devices.

Question 37

Orthosis, Indications, Contraindications, Example

no metal upright…

Answer 37

• Total Contact AFO
• Indications Enhanced proprioception, improved weight distribution, and support in cases of severe deformities.
• Contraindications Patients with fluctuating limb volume or severe edema.
• Example Individuals with Charcot foot requiring a custom-fitted AFO.