ID1

Question 0

2 examples of colonizing pathogens

Answer 0

streptococcus pneumoniae- can cause disease or colonize

bordetella pertussis- obligate pathogen; always causes disease

Question 1

4 different types of physical barriers

Answer 1

skin-stratified squamous epithelium
respiratory tract- ciliated columnar epithelium
GI tract- columnar epithelium with mucous secretions
genitourinary tract- squamous and columnar epithelia; “urinary” epithelium

Question 2

opportunistic pathogens

Answer 2

require an opportunity, such as immunosuppresion to cause a disease
–>true opportunists rarely cause disease in normal hosts

Question 3

2 examples of opportunistic pathogens

Answer 3

1) pneumocytis jirovecci-
widely disseminated in human populations
2) CMV

Question 4

2 types of invasion

Answer 4

tissue

intracellular

Question 5

2 types of intracellular invaision

Answer 5

active–penetrates host cells on its own power

endocytosis/phagocytosis- take advantage of cellular machinery to be internalized

Question 6

2 types of virulence factors

Answer 6

toxins
capsule-polysaccharide
adhesions

Question 7

2 types of toxins

Answer 7

1) endotoxin- LPS–on cell wall of gram negative

2) exotoxin- secreted proteins that may mimic intracellular signaling molecules

Question 8

capsule

Answer 8

polysachharide that prevents phagocytosis in several bacterial pathogens and is a poor immunogen

Question 9

adhesions

Answer 9

allow adherence to cell surfaces or ECM

–modulation of surface adhesions may be involved in transition between colonization and invasion

Question 10

two more viruelnce factors

Answer 10

enzymes

nutritonal factors

Question 11

types of enzymes that are virulence factors

Answer 11

proteases, collagenases, phospholipases

–>disurpt cells and tissues

Question 12

nutritional factors

Answer 12

iron binding proteins like ferritin, transferrin, and lacto ferrin sequester iron from bacteria and prevent growth

hepicidin-takes signals from dietary absorption and inflammatory signals and influences host-pathogen balance

Question 13

types of acute suppurative inflammation

Answer 13

pneumonia
endocarditis
pyelonephritis

Question 14

cellular responses to infectious agents

Answer 14

acute suppurative
mononuclear
granulomatous
chronic inflam and scarring
cytopathic/cytoprofliferative
necrotizing

Question 15

stages of acute bacterial pneumonia

Answer 15

edema-exudate
acute inflammation-PMN, platelets, complement cascade, coagulation
consolidation-red & grey
resolution (macrophages clear out what is in lungs)

Question 16

endocarditis

Answer 16

infection of heart valve

Question 17

two types of endocarditis

Answer 17

acute (rapidly progressive)–stephylococcus aureus

subacute (indolent)-SBE- oral strains of streptococci

Question 18

acute endocarditis

Answer 18

staph aureus
–multiple virulence factors encoded by genetic “pathogenicity island”–>induced coordinately by a peptide secreted by bacterium

Question 19

types of vegetation in endocarditis

Answer 19

rheumatic
infectious
marantic (non-bacterial)
autoimmune

Question 20

staph aurueus endocarditis steps

Answer 20

seeding of bacteria on to fibrin deposited on valve

• ->local destruction of tissue with a massive PMN infiltrate
• ->inflam lesions can erode into vlave ring, cause hemodynamic decompnesation and rapid death

Question 21

pyelonephritis

Answer 21

bacterial infection of kidney

Question 22

what is pylonephritis associated with?

Answer 22

anatomic abnormalities or the urinary collecting system
–can become chronic and destroy the kidney
gram neg rods

Question 23

E.Coli pyelonephritis

Answer 23

facultative (anaerobic/aerobic) enteric gram negative bacillus
causes UTI–>ascending urinary tract infection–>inflammation in interstitum and renal tubules

Question 24

complications of e.coli pyelonephritis

Answer 24

papillary necrosis
pyonephrosis (pus in renal pelvis)
perinephric abcess