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Phase 2a > ICS - Pathology > Flashcards

ICS - Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of autopsy?

A

Hospital

Medico-legal

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2
Q

What are the three types of death referred to coroners?

A

Presumed natural
Presumed iatrogenic
Presumed unnatural

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3
Q

What is the definition of Inflammation?

A

The local physiological response to tissue injury

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4
Q

Name 5 cells involved in inflammation.

A 
Neutrophil Polymorphs
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Endothelial Cells
Fibroblasts
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5
Q

What is the characteristic cell recruited to the tissue in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophil Polymorph

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6
Q

What are the 4 outcomes of acute inflammation?

A

Resolution
Suppuration (abscess)
Organisation (tissue replacement)
Progression to chronic inflammation

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7
Q

List 3 causes of acute inflammation.

A

Microbial infections
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Trauma

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8
Q

List 3 causes of chronic inflammation.

A

Transplant rejection
Progression from acute inflammation
Recurrent episodes of acute inflammation

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9
Q

Name an example of acute inflammation.

A

Acute appendicitis

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10
Q

Name an example of chronic inflammation.

A

Tuberculosis

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11
Q

What are granulomas and how do they appear?

A

Collections of epithelioid histiocytes (macrophages)

They appear with bundles of macrophages (these look like epithelial cells)

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12
Q

Name a drug that can be used to treat inflammation.

A

Aspirin

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13
Q

What is meant by ‘repair’?

A

Replacement of damaged tissue by fibrous tissue

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14
Q

Name 3 examples of cells that can regenerate.

A

Hepatocytes
Osteocytes
Pneumocytes

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15
Q

Name 2 examples of cells that can’t regenerate.

A

Mycoardial cells

Neurones

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16
Q

What is ‘organisation’?

A

The process whereby specialise tissues are repaired by the formation of mature fibrovascular connective tissue

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17
Q

What 2 things prevent clots forming (usually)?

A

Laminar flow - cells travel in the centre of the arterial vessels and don’t touch the sides
Endothelial cells aren’t ‘sticky’ when healthy

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18
Q

Define thrombosis

A

A solid mass of blood constituents formed within an intact vascular system during life

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19
Q

What are the 3 causes of thrombosis?

A

Change in vessel wall
Change in blood flow
Change in blood constituents

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20
Q

Define embolism

A

The process of a solid mass in the blood being carried through the circulation to a place where it gets stuck and blocks the vessel

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21
Q

Define embolus

A

A mass of material in the vascular system able to become lodged within a vessel and block it

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22
Q

Define Ischaemia

A

The reduction of blood flow to a tissue without any other implications

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23
Q

Defne Infarction

A

A reduction of blood flow to a tissue that is so reduced that it cannot support even mere maintenance of the cells in that tissue so they die

24
Q

Define end artery supply

A

An organ that only receives blood supply from one artery

25
Q

Give examples of multiple arterial supplies

A

Pulmonary + Bronchial arteries - lungs
Portal vein + hepatic artery - liver
Circle of willis - brain

26
Q

Define atheroma

A

The fatty material which forms deposits in the arteries

27
Q

Define apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

28
Q

Define necrosis

A

Death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply

29
Q

Name 2 clinical examples of necrosis

A

Cerebral infarction

Avascular necrosis of bone

30
Q

Give an example of a polygenic gene disorder

A

Breast Cancer

BRCA1 and BRCA2 have large individual effects on breast cancer

31
Q

What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

A 
Hypertrophy = increase in size of tissue due to increase in size of cells
Hyperplasia = increase in size of tissue due to increase in number of cells
32
Q

Define atrophy

A

A decrease in size of a tissue caused by a decrease in number of the constituent cells or a decrease in their size

33
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Change in differentiation of a cell from one fully-differentiated type to a different fully-differentiated type

34
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Imprecise term for the morphological changes seen in cells in the progression to becoming cancer

35
Q

Define carcinogenesis

A

The transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations

36
Q

How can carcinogens be classified?

A

Chemical, Viral, Radiation, Hormones, Miscellaneous

37
Q

Define carcinogens

A

Agents known or suspected to cause tumours

38
Q

Define neoplasm

A

A lesion resulting from the autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed (a new growth)

39
Q

Give an example of a malignant neoplasm

A

Prostate cancer

40
Q

Describe the nomenclature of neoplasia

A

Suffix ‘oma’

Prefix depending on behavioural classification and cell type

41
Q

Define papilloma

A

Benign tumour of non-glandular, non-secretory epithelium

42
Q

Define adenoma

A

Benign tumour of glandular or secretory epithelium

43
Q

Define carcinoma

A

Malignant tumour of epithelial cells

44
Q

How are benign connective tissue neoplasms named and given an example

A 
Named according to cell of origin with suffix 'oma'
Lipoma - adipocytes
Chondroma - cartilage
Osteoma - bone
Angioma - vascular
45
Q

How are malignant connective tissue neoplasms named and given an example

A

‘Sarcoma’ prefixed by cell type of origin
Liposarcoma - adipose tissue
Osteosarcoma - bone
Angiosarcoma - blood vessels

46
Q

Define teratoma

A

Neoplasms containing tissues from all 3 embryological layers

47
Q

Define carcinoma in situ

A

A malignant epithelial neoplasm that has not yet invaded through the original basement membrane

48
Q

Define invase carcinoma

A

A carcinoma that has breached the basement membrane - it can now spread elsewhere

49
Q

Micro-Invasive carcinoma

A

Has breached the basement membrane but hasn’t invaded very far away from the original carcinoma

50
Q

Give the 7 steps to the metastatic cascade

A 
Detachment
Invasion
Intravasation
Evasion of host defences
Adherence
Extravasation
Vascularisation
51
Q

Define angiogenesis

A

When tumours begins to grow their blood vessels (once they reach 1mm in diameter)

52
Q

Which tumours commonly metastasise to the lung?

A

Sarcomas and any common cancers

53
Q

Which tumours commonly metastasise to the liver?

A

Colon, stomach, pancreas and carcinoid tumours of intestine

54
Q

Which tumours commonly metastasise to the bone?

A

Prostate, breast, thyroid, lung and kidney

55
Q

What are the 3 components of Virchow’s triangle?

A

Stasis of blood flow, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability

56
Q

What class of drug can be used to treat arterial thrombosis?

A

Anti-platelets e.g. Aspirin/ clopidogrel

57
Q

What class of drug can be used to treat venous thrombosis?

A

Anti-coagulants e.g. warfarin, heparin, DOAC

Phase 2a (16 decks)

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