Derm and misc Flashcards

1
Q

What is acne?

A

Localised skin inflammation as a result of overactivity of the oil glands at the base of specialised hair follicles

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2
Q

Why does acne occur?

A

Acne occurs when hair follicles become blocked and nearby sebaceous (oil) glands begin to produce too much sebum. This mixes with dead skin cells and forms a plug in the follicle

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of acne?

A
Whiteheads (closed plugged pores)
Blackheads (open plugged pores)
Small, red, tender bumps (papule)
Pimples (pustules)
Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface of the skin (nodules)
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4
Q

How is acne diagnosed?

A

Skin exams

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5
Q

How is acne managed?

A

Over the counter acne products, medications that can - control the acne, avoid scarring
Combined oral contraceptive pill
Steroid injection

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6
Q

What is eczema?

A

An inflammatory condition of the skin characterised by redness, itching and vesicular lesions

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of causes of eczema?

A

Atopic: itchy rash of the folds of the elbow/knee
Exogenous: itchy rash following contact with an irritant

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8
Q

How does eczema present?

A

Atopic: itchy red rash, scaling and oozing
Exogenous: red, crusting and scaling, fissures, hyperpigmentation

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9
Q

How is eczema diagnosed?

A

Skin exam, patch tests to exclude other skin diseases

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10
Q

How is eczema managed?

A

Atopic: avoid irritants, regular emollients to hydrate, corticosteroids
Exogenous: avoid irritants, steroid cream

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11
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

A chronic relapsing skin disorder associated with abnormal hyper proliferation of the epidermis

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12
Q

What are known factors that trigger psoriasis?

A

Stress, infections, climate, alcohol, smoking, trauma

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13
Q

What are the different types of psoriasis?

A

Chronic plaque psoriasis, flexural psoriasis, guttate, erythrodermic and pustular

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14
Q

How does psoriasis present?

A

Well-demarcated erythematous plaques with adherent silvery scale
Elbows, knees, scalp

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15
Q

How is psoriasis diagnosed?

A

Skin exam, biopsy to rule out other disorders

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16
Q

How is psoriasis managed?

A

Topical corticosteroids

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17
Q

What is skin ulceration?

A

Ulcers are abnormal breaks in an epithelial surface

18
Q

What causes skin ulcers?

A

Neuropathy, lymphedema, vasculitis, malignancy, infection, trauma

19
Q

How are skin ulcers diagnosed?

A

Skin exam, skin and ulcer biopsy to assess for malignant change.

20
Q

How are skin ulcers managed?

A

Treat cause and focus on prevention - optimise nutrition

Charing-Cross 4 layer compression bandaging

21
Q

What is the major risk factor for skin cancers?

A

UV radiation exposure

22
Q

How do malignant melanomas present?

A

Pigmented skin lesions demonstrating ABCD:

Asymmetry, irregular Borders, uneven Colour, Diameter >6mm

23
Q

How are malignant melanomas managed?

A

Urgent excision - curative

Chemotherapy for metastatic disease

24
Q

How do squamous cell carcinomas present?

A

Skin plaques or nodules, often with a keratinous surface crust.
Ulceration may be present

25
How are squamous cell carcinomas managed?
Excision + radiotherapy to treat recurrence
26
How do basal cell carcinomas present?
Most appear as pearly papule or nodules on sun-exposed skin | Ulceration may occur
27
How are basal cell carcinomas managed?
Excision, cryotherapy
28
What is HIV?
A retrovirus which infects and replicates in human lymphocytes and macrophages
29
What is AIDS?
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - progressive immune system dysfunction, opportunistic infection and malignancy
30
Who is at most risk of HIV?
Men who have sex with men, migrant workers, IV drug abusers, commercial sex workers, truck drivers
31
What does HIV bind to in the human body?
CD4 receptors on helper T cells, monocytes and macrophages
32
Describe the virology of HIV
Attachment, cell entry, interaction with host cells, replication, assembly, release
33
How is HIV transmitted?
Unprotected sex, contaminated needles, breast milk and transmission from mother to baby at birth
34
How does HIV present?
Flu-like symptoms, erythematous/ maculopapular rash. | Fever, lymphadenopathy, sore throat, myalgia, rash and mouth ulcers
35
How is HIV diagnosed?
Two markers: CD4 cell count and HIV viral load. ELISA for HIV antibody and antigen Viral load: used to monitor response to ART
36
How can HIV be prevented?
Condom use, post-exposure prophylaxis, pre-exposure prophylaxis (ART for high risk people)
37
How does antiretroviral therapy work?
CCR5 antagonists inhibit the entry of the virus into the cell by blocking the CCR5 co-receptor
38
What are the risk factors for breast carcinoma?
Early menarche/ late menopause Increased weight/ high alcohol consumption Oral contraceptive use Positive family history
39
How are breast lumps assessed?
Clinical examination Histology/ cytology Mammography/ ultrasound
40
How is breast cancer staged?
Stage 1: confined to breast, mobile Stage 2: growth confined to breast, lymph nodes in ipsilateral axilla Stage 3: tumour fixed to muscle Stage 4: complete fixation of tumour to chest wall, distant metastases
41
How are breast carcinomas managed?
``` Local disease (1-2): surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy Distant disease (3-4): radiotherapy to bony lesions, tamoxifen ```
42
Name 3 differential diagnoses for breast lumps
Fibroadenoma Intraductal papilloma Breast cyst