Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 2a > ICS - Immunology > Flashcards

ICS - Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

A 
Innate = non-specific, instinctive, does not depend on lymphocytes
Adaptive = specific, acquired, requires lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are haematopoietic pluripotent stem cells?

A

Haemocytoblasts = the stem cell that every blood cell in the body originates from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most important cell type in innate immunity?

A

Neutrophils - phagocytosis (contain lysosomes that secrete toxic substances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the role of monocytes and which type of immunity are they useful in?

A

Remove anything foreign (microbes) or dead

Innate (phagocytosis) and adaptive (Ag presentation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the role of macrophages and which type of immunity are they useful in?

A

Remove foreign (microbes) and self (dead/tumour cells)
Innate and adaptive
Phagocytosis and Ag presentation to T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of eosinophils and why are they needed in the immune system?

A

Parasitic infections and allergic reactions

Activates neutrophils, induces histamine release from mast cells and provokes bronchospasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the role of basophils and why are they needed in the immune system?

A

Parasitic infections and allergic reactions
Binding of IgE to receptor causes de-granulation releasing histamine
Very similar to mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of mast cells and why are they needed in the immune system?

A

Allergic reactions
Binding of IgE to receptor causes de-granulation releasing histamine
Only in tissues (precursor in blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of T-lymphocytes and which type of immunity are they useful in?

A

Adaptive immunity
Recognise peptide Ag displayed presenting cells (APC)
4 main types: T helper 1, T helper 2, Cytotoxic T cell, T regulator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the role of B-lymphocytes and which type of immunity are they useful in?

A

Adaptive immunity

Recognise peptide Ag displayed presenting cells (APC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the role of natural killer cells?

A

They recognise virus infected/tumour cells and kill by apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the mode of action of complement?

A

Direct lysis
Attract more leukocytes to site of infection
Coat invading organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of antibodies?

A

Hallmark of adaptive immunity - they bind specifically to antigen (Ag)
Immunoglobulins - soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins?

A

IgG - crosses placenta
IgA - predominant in mucous secretions such as saliva, milk and bronchiolar secretions
IgM - found in blood, primary response
IgD - transmembrane monomeric form is present on mature B cells
IgE - associated with allergic response (basophils/mast cells express IgE-specific receptors, binding triggers release of histamine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define antibody (Ab)

A

Protein produced in response to an antigen. Can only bind with antigen that induced its formation (specificity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define antigen (Ag)

A

A molecular that reacts with preformed antibody and specific receptors on T and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define epitope

A

The part of the antigen that binds to the antibody/ receptor binding site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define affinity

A

Measure of binding strength between an epitope and an antibody binding site

19
Q

Define cytokine

A

Proteins secreted by immune and non-immune cells. Substances produced by one cell that influence the behaviour of another

20
Q

What is the role of interferons?

A

Induce a state of antiviral resistance in uninfected cells and limit the spread of viral infection

21
Q

What is the role of interleukins?

A

Can cause cells to divide, to differentiate and to secrete factors

22
Q

What is the role of colon stimulating factors (CSF)?

A

Involved in directing the division and differentiation on bone marrow stem cells

23
Q

What is the role of tumour necrosis factors?

A

Mediate inflammation and cytotoxic reactions

24
Q

What is the role of Chemokines?

A

They attract leukocytes to sites of infection/inflammation by binding to specific receptors on cells

25
Q

Give 3 examples of anatomical barriers

A

Skin
Sebum (skin secretions)
Intact skin (prevents penetration)

26
Q

Give 3 examples of mucous membranes (physical barriers)

A

Saliva
Mucous secretions
Low pH and commensals of vagina

27
Q

Give 3 examples of physiological barriers

A

Temperature
pH
Gastric acidity

28
Q

Define inflammation

A

A series of reactions that bring cells and molecular of the immune system to sites of infection or damage

29
Q

What are the 3 hallmarks of inflammation?

A

Increased blood supply
Increased vascular permeability
Increased leukocytes trans-endothelial migration ‘extravasation’

30
Q

What is the difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

A

Acute = complete elimination of a pathogen followed by resolution of damages, disappearances of leukocytes and full regeneration of tissue
Chronic - persistent, un-resolved

31
Q

What are the 6 stages of phagocytosis?

A 
Binding
Engulfment
Phagosome formation
Lysosome fusion (phagolysosome)
Membrane disruption
Antigen presentation/ secretion
32
Q

What is the role of major histocompatibility complexes (MHC)?

A

Display peptide from self/non-self proteins on the cell surface - invasion alert
MHC I - glycoproteins on all nucleated cells
MHC II - glycoproteins only on APC
MHC III - code for secreted proteins

33
Q

What is the role of secreted and circulating pattern recognition receptors?

A

Lectins and collectins activate complement and improve phagocytosis

34
Q

What is the role of cell-associated pattern recognition receptors?

A

Present on the cell membrane and recognise a broad range of molecular patterns
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the main ones

35
Q

What are the 3 types of vaccines used?

A

Whole killed, toxoids, live attenuated

36
Q

Define passive immunity

A

A short-term immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal

37
Q

Define vaccine

A

Antigenic substance prepared from the causative agent of a disease

38
Q

Give 3 reasons a vaccine may not be able to be produced for a specific pathogen

A

Pathogen is too hard to grow
Killed pathogen is not protective
Impossible to obtain attenuated and suitably immunogenic strain

39
Q

What are the 5 stages of vaccination?

A
  1. Engage the innate immune system
  2. Danger signals that activate the immune system, triggers such as molecular fingerprints of infection - PAMPs
  3. Engage TLR receptors
  4. Activate specialist APC
  5. Engage the adaptive immune system
40
Q

Give 4 hallmarks of cancer

A

Evade apoptosis
Limitless replication potential
Invade tissues
Escape immune surveillance

41
Q

What is cancer immune-surveillance?

A

The immune system can recognise and destroy nascent transformed cells, normal control

42
Q

What is cancer immunoediting?

A

The immune system can kill and also induce changes in the tumour resulting in tumour escape and recurrence

43
Q

Give 3 examples of antigen-presenting cells

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

44
Q

What type of white blood cell is measured for HIV diagnosis and what level indicates AIDS?

A

CD4+ count, <200

Phase 2a (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions