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Phase 2a > ICS - Microbiology and infectious disease > Flashcards

ICS - Microbiology and infectious disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathogen

A

Organism that causes or is capable of causing disease

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2
Q

Define commensal

A

Organism which colonises the host but causes no disease in normal circumstances

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3
Q

Define opportunist pathogen

A

Microbe that only causes disease if host defences are compromised

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4
Q

Define asymptomatic carriage

A

When a pathogen is carried harmlessly at.a tissue site where it causes no disease

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5
Q

What colour does gram stain present when it is positive?

A

Purple

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6
Q

What colour does negative gram stain bacteria present?

A

Pink

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7
Q

Describe gram negative bacteria

A

2 membranes - an inner and outer membrane, which are separated by lipoprotein, periplasmic, space and peptidoglycan

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8
Q

What genetic mutations can appear in bacteria?

A

Base substitution, deletion, transfer

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9
Q

What gene transfers can occur in bacteria?

A

Transformation, transduction, conjugation

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10
Q

Describe how to perform a gram stain

A

Apply a primary stain such as crystal violet to heat fixed bacteria
Add iodide which binds to crystal violet and helps fix It to the cell wall
Decolourise with ethanol or acetone
Counterstain with safranin

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the coagulase test?

A

Distinguishes S.aureus from other staphylococci - coagulase positive

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12
Q

What is Lancefield grouping?

A

A method of grouping catalyse negative, coagulase negative bacteria based on bacterial carbohydrate cell surface antigens

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13
Q

How do proteobacteria appear?

A

Gram-negative rod shaped

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14
Q

How do bacteroids appear?

A

Gram-negative rod shaped

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15
Q

How does chlamydia appear?

A

Gram-negative round pleimorphic

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16
Q

How do spirochetes appear?

A

Gram-negative spiral

17
Q

What are the 3 groups of worms?

A

Nematodes, Trematodes, Cestodes

18
Q

What is the pre-patent period?

A

The interval between infection and the appearance of eggs in the stool

19
Q

What is the purpose of acid fast bacilli?

A

Stain used to identify organisms with wax-like, thick cell walls e.g. mycobacteria (resistant to gram stain)

20
Q

What are the characteristics of viruses?

A

Non-cellular structure (no membranes or organelles)
Consist of an outer protein coat
Come in a variety of shapes

21
Q

What are the 6 stages of viral replication?

A 
Attachment
Cell entry
Interaction with host cells
Replication
Assembly
Release
22
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

Damage by direct destruction, modification of his cell structure or through cell proliferation

23
Q

What is dimorphic fungi?

A

Fungi that exists as both yeast and moulds, switching between the two when conditions suit

24
Q

Via what routes can bacteria enter the host?

A

Respiratory tract, GI tract, GU tract or skin breaks

25
Q

How do flagellates reproduce?

A

Binary Fission

26
Q

How do sporozoans reproduce?

A

Multiple fission

27
Q

Which 5 species of Plasmodium sporozoan can cause malaria?

A

P. falciparum/ ovale/ vivax/ malaria/ knowlesi

28
Q

Name 3 symptoms of malaria

A

Fever, myalgia, fatigue

29
Q

How do antimicrobials work?

A

Bind to a target site on a bacterium

30
Q

Name a disease that is under infection control

A

MRSA, tuberculosis

31
Q

Name 3 risk factors for HIV

A

Sexual contact with people from high prevalence groups e.g. MSM
Multiple sexual partners
Rate in high prevalence localities

32
Q

Name 3 symptoms of HIV

A

Acute generalised rash
Unexplained weight loss or night sweats
Indicators of immune dysfunction

33
Q

What cells do HIV infect?

A

Those that express CD4

34
Q

What two markers are used to monitor HIV infection?

A

CD4 cell count, HIV viral load

35
Q

What is the main treatment for HIV?

A

Antiretrovirals

Phase 2a (16 decks)

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