iCEV Plant Science Part 3 Flashcards
plant pathogens which cause harm to plants
disease
organisms such as fungi, bacteria, and viruses
Living Agents
non-living organisms such as weather conditions, air pollution, and toxic chemicals
Non-living agents
disease producing agents which cause harm to other organisms
pathogens
single celled organisms including viruses, fungi and bacteria
microorganisms
taxonomic kingdom which included yeast, molds and smuts
fungi
single celled or non cellular microorganisms which lack chlorophyll and reproduce by fission
bacteria
small, infectious particles composed of a protein coat and a nucleic acid
viruses
fungus which produced a growth on the surface of damp and decaying organic matter
molds
diseases in plants caused by bacteria
bacterial diseases
any agent which destroys or prevents the growth of fungi
fungicides
small openings on the surface of leaves which allow for gasses and water to pass in and out of leaves
stomata
causes discoloration, wilting and death in plants
blights
process of plants drooping or shriveling due to lack of water
wilting
groups of macro-molecules which carry genetic information to control all cell function; in the form of DNA and various forms of RNA
nucleic acids
fungal disease mostly on woody plants which causes damage to the bark
cankers
smaller stem which attaches a leaf to the main stem
petiole
practice of growing different crops on the same land over a period of several growing seasons; aids in insect control and preservation of soil quality;ex: growing corn for two years, then switching to soybeans on the same land
crop rotation
stalk of a plant left in the ground after harvest
stubble
plants which are planted not for harvesting purposes, but to control soil erosion and weeds, as well as improve soil quality
cover crop
single celled reproductive structure of non-flowering plants, fungi and bacteria which develop into a new individual without sexual fusion
spores
where the stem of the plant meets the roots
crown
process of a seed sprouting and beginning to grow
germination
plants which are not deliberately planted; differ from a weed in that they can be encouraged to grow and not compete with the intended crop.
volunteer plant
method of irrigation which distributes water to plants through small tubes or pipes
drip irrigation
consists of organic material which covers the soil surface to retain moisture and enhance soil conditions
mulch
transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of a flower by insects or natural forces such as wind or rain
pollination
area of a stem which holds buds which grow into one or more leaves
node
is the tissue which conducts water and nutrients through the plant
vascular tissue
vascular tissue in plants which transports water and nutrients up the plant from the roots
xylem
loss of leaves
defoliation
naturally occurring substances and microorganisms which control plant diseases
biofungicide
layer of dead grass between actively growing grass and the soil surface
thatch
process of adding a fine layer of soil to a lawn to gradually improve the quality of the soil.
top dress
process of puncturing small holes in the ground to reduce soil compaction and pore space
aerate
type of root which grows straight down into the soil to reach water
taproots
collection of decaying plants, manure and organic matter which can be used later as a fertilizer
compost pile
material used to cover plants, to protect the plants from harmful insects, while allowing plants to breathe and absorb moisture and sunlight
floating row cover
part of the plant containing tiny cotton fibers which grow from newly formed seeds
cotton bolls
immature form of an insect; often wormlike
larvae
horizontal branch from the base of a plant which produces new plants from buds at its tips
stolon
vascular tissue in plants which conducts food throughout the plant
phloem
large bird in the crow family
yellow-billed magpie
herbaceous flowering plant other than a grass
forbs
young plant
seedling
rodents
gnawing animals
plant which germinates, flowers and dies within on year or growing season
annual
plants which complete their life cycle in two growing seasons
biennial
plants capable of living more than two years
perennial
male reproductive organ of a flower which contains the filament and anther; produces the pollen
stamen
portion of the stamen containing pollen
anthers
grass-like plant which grows in wet places; has solid stems and narrow leaves
sedge
organism which competes for resources or can be dangerous to another organisms’ health
pest
any organism which lives on or inside another organism, as well as obtains nutrients from and is detrimental to the host organism
parasite
members of the phylum arthropoda which have an exoskeleton, three body segments, three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and two antennae
insect
primary subdivision of taxonomic classification; below kingdom and above class
phylum
any organism which preys on other organisms
predator
insects which chew holes in leaves and cause damage to plants; mouth-parts included mandible, maxilla and labium
chewing insects
insects which insert piercing and sucking mouth-parts into leaves and suck juices causing damage to plants; mouth-parts include proboscis and style
sucking insects
transformation of an organism from larva to adult stage
metamorphosis
inactive stage of development between larva and adult stages
pupa
silky envelope spun by the larvae of some insects to cover themselves during metamorphosis
cocoon
larva of an insect with incomplete metamorphosis
nymph
any organism possessing a spinal column composed of segmented bones known as vertebrae
vertebrate
free-living or parasitic worms with elongated and rounded bodies; important decomposers in the soil
nematodes
parasites which live outside the plant and move between rods
ectoparasite
parasite which lives inside the host plant tissue
endoparasite
any unwanted or undesirable plant which competes with desirable plants for nutrients, water and sunlight
weeds
chemicals used to kill pests
pesticides
chemicals used to kill insect
insecticides
strategy used to control pests through the most economical process with the least amount of possible hazards to humans and the environment
integrated pest management
middle region of an insects body; includes the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathroax
throacic body segment
anterior part of an insect’s thorax containing the first pair of legs
prothorax
middle segment of an insect’s thorax containing the middle pair of legs and the first pair of wings
mesothorax
posterior segment of an insect’s throat containing the third pair of legs and the second pair of wings, if present
metathorax
measurement of the total amount of a crop harvested, expressed as a ration of amount planted to amount harvested
crop yield
to cut back or cut out any unwanted plant growth
prune
