iCEV Plant Science Part 1 Flashcards by Tracy Probst

specialized part of a cell which has a specific function

organelle

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adenosine triphosphate, the molecule which provides the energy in the cells of all living things

ATP

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structure of nucleic acids and proteins which carries genetic information in the form of genes

chromosome

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proteins which assist chemical reactions in living cells

enzymes

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flowering plants with two seed cotyledons

dicotyledons (dicot)

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trees which bear cones and need-like or scale-like leaves

confiers

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flowering plants with only one seed cotyledon

monocots

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mature male or female sex cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction

gamete

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embryos with two cotyledons

dicots

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a group of plants which are selected for desirable traits and are maintained through propagation

cultivar

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short, fleshy undergrounds stem which is enlarged to store nutrients

tuber

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process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it as food

photosynthesis

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evaporation of water into the atmosphere from the stems and leaves of plants

transpiration

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study of the movement, distribution and quality of water on Earth

hydrology

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study of Earth’s physical structure and substance

geology

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strand of conducting vessels in the stems or leaves of plants

vascular bundles

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thickening of roots and stems by cell division in the vascular cambium

secondary growth

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part of the plant embryo which develops from the primary root

radicle

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diploid stage in the life cycle of plants which produces haploid spores through meiosis

sporophyte stage

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haploid stage in the life cycle of plants which produces haploid gametes through mitosis

gametophyte

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large strengthened vein on the midline of a leaf

midrib

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stalk which joins a leaf and stem

petiole

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plants develop adaptive phenotypic characteristics due to changes in the environment

Phenotypic plasticity

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person or people who determined the name for a plant

authority

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thin layer of delicate tissue separating the xylem and phloem which induces secondary growth

vascular cambium

end wall which is perforated with pores

sieve plate

chemical product of photsynthesis

photosynthate

series of openings which facilitate gas exchange between inner parts of plant organs

stomata

process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar

photosynthesis

ordered set of events resultin gin cell growth and division into two daughter cells

The Cell Cycle

phase of the cell cycle in which a cell spends the majority of its time and performs most of its normal functions in preparation for cell division

interphase

also knows as G1 phase; phase in which the cells grows, carries out protein synthesis and performs other cellular functions

Gap 1 Phase

also known as S phase; phase in which th ecell replicates its DNA

synthesis phase

also known as G2 phase; growth phase which allows cells to continue to carry out normal functions and continue growing

Gap 2 phase

also known as M phase; process by which new cells are created and results in two daughter nuclei, each with genetic material identical to each other and the mother cell

mitosis

first stage of mitosis

prophase

single piece of coiled DNA which contains many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences

chromosome

area in the cell where microtubules are produced

centrosome

fibers which form during mitosis and segregate chromosomes between daughter cells during cell division

mitotic spindle

one copy of a duplicated chromosome which is usually joined to the other copy by a centromere

chromatid

region of DNA typically found in the center of a chromosome which links two sister chromatids

centromere

second stage of mitosis

metaphas

third stage of mitosis

anaphase

fourth stage of mitosis

telophase

process which occurs after mitosis where the cell splits and two daughter cells are created, each with on nucleus

cytokinesis

process by which a plant grows from a seed

germination

tissue produced inside the seeds of most flowering plants which surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, oils an protein

endosperm

first embryonic leaf (leaves) of a seedling which emerge at the time of a germination

cotyledon

first root of the plant which elongates during germination and forms the primary room

radicle

process by which a cell releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

respiration

also known as turgidity; pressure which occurs when the water located inside the cells begins to expand, pushing on the cell membranes

turgor pressure

pores found on the surface of plant structures which control the exchange of gas and water

stomata

organic compounds produced within the plant

phytohormone

natural or synthetic organic compound which modifies or controls one or more specific physiological processes within plant

Plant growth regulator

control of the short tip over axillary bud outgrowth which allows a plant to grow upward more than it grows outward

apical dominance

growth of plants in response to light

phototropism

condition or process of aging

senescence

movement of dissolved substances from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentrations

diffusion

diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration

osmosis

membrane which allows water molecules, but not solute molecules, to pass

semipermeable membrane

solute concentration is lower outside of the cell than inside

hypotonic solution

solute concentration is greater outside the cell than inside

hypertonic solution

plant cell which is limp through a reduction of pressure inside the cell

flaccid

process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution

plasmolysis

solute concentration is the same on either side of the cell membrane and results in incipient plasmolysis

isotonic solution

connective, functionally supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue or organ

stroma

metabolic pathway found in the stroma of the chloroplast in which carbon enters in the form of CO2 and leaves in the form of sugar

calvin cycle

membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells which generate most of the cell's supply of ATP which is used as energy

mitochondria

compound formed as a result of glycolosis

pyruvate

loss or evaporation of water from plant leaves through stomata

transpiration

specialized cells which help regulate the regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata

guard cells

fusion of gametes or of their nuclei in reproduction

syngamy

join plants by insertion or by placing in close contact

grafting

part of the stem from which a leaf, branch or root grows

node

part of the plant stem between nodes

internode

loose membranous outer covering

tunics

having a par of each type of chromosome; chromosome number is doubled

diploid cell

having a single set of chromosomes

haploid cell

process by which cells generate new proteins

protein synthesis

where microtubules are produced

centrosome

protein structures which move chromosome through the cell

spindle fibers

two strands into which a chromosome divides during cell division

chromatid

two identical copies of a single chromosome which are connected by centromeres

sister chromatid

region of the chromosome where microtubules attach

centromere

cytoplasmic division of a cell which results in two daughter cells

cytokinesis

chromosome pairs, one from each parent which are similar in length, gene position and centromere location

homologous chromosomes

random exchange of genes which results in a mixture of parental characteristics in offpsirng

crossin gover

pair of homologous chromosomes

bivalent

transports sucrose and other dissolved solids around the plant

sieve tube

destruction of cells from the inside out

lysing

decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water

hydrolysis

genes which regulate how body parts are formed and in what location

homeotic genes

sexual form of a plant in alteration of generations

gametophyte

asexual form of a plant in the alteration of generations

sporophyte

refers to the passage of genetic code from parents to offspring

heredity

small synthetic organic compound

acrylamide

a gene or genetic material from one plant which has been placed in another

transgene

having the ability to differentiate into all cell types

topipotent

activity of getting rid of vermin

disinfested

plant growth regulator which promotes shoot formation from growing plant cells

cytokinin

heritable genetic characteristics of an organism

genotype

physical or psychological characteristics of an organism

phenotype