iCEV Plant Science Part 2 Flashcards
process of producing new plants by seeds, cuttings or other techniques
propagation
system which transports water and nutrients throughout the plant
vascular system
the sprouting and growing of a plant from seeds
germination
diffusion of water molecules from a place of higher concentration to a lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane
osmosis
specialized organelle which contains chlorphyll
chloroplast
green pigment which captures light energy in plants; located in the chloroplasts
chlorophyll
the alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress
denaturation
fungus which forms a mutualistic relationship with the roots of plants to allow better absorption in the roots
mycorrhizae
single layer of cells which regulates the flow of water between the central stele of roots from the outer layers
endodermis
primarily transports water from the roots to the leaves; dead part of the vascular system
xylem
primarily transports sugars and amino acids; living part of the vascular system
phloem
located in the phloem; transports sucrose and other dissolved solids around the plant
sieve tube
a simple sugar formed during photosynthesis to provide food for th eplant
glucose
plant hormone which stimulates cell elongation in the stem; involved in: root initiation, vascular differentiation, tropic responses and development of plant parts
auxins
interconnected network of fibrous protein which determines cell shape, organization of cytoplasm and growth and differentiation in cell division
cyoskelton
yellowing due to loss of chrlorphyss
chlorosis
long bladed leaves of plants; particularly palm tree leaves
palm fronds
leaves are in a circular arrangement and close together; internodes are shortened
rosette leaves
to improve and prepare land for raising crops by plowing or fertilizing
cultivate
process of observing plants based on characteristics related to general health, physiology and reproduction
plant evaluation
utilized for stability and nutrient transport
stems
apparatuses which provide the ability for plants to sexually reproduce
flowers and seeds
products of plant reproduction often used to transport seeds
fruits
process of plants utilizing various physiological characteristics depending on the needs created by their environment
adaptation
healthy plants free of damage and able to produce valuable fruits and seeds
high quality plants
plants with normal pigmentation and little or no abnormalities
healthy plants
plants with obvious physical problems which may include missing leaves, bent stems or missing buds
damaged plants
foundation for plant development; soil is the necessary medium for nutrient distribution, water and chemicals consumption, and plant stability; including physical chemical and biological factors`
soil health
mixture of sand, silt and clay
loam
include local temperatures, terrain and tillage practices
physical soil factors
include availability of nutrients and the supplementation of these nutrients by producers looking to improve yields.
chemical soil factors
factors which influence soil by contributing negatively or positively to issues with pests, weeds, and environmental
biological soil factors
frozen rain; comes in a variety of sizes and damages plants when it falls and strikes the plant, often removing buds
hail
damages plants by causing cell damage and death, and by shutting down cell functions
freezes
damage plants by interrupting photosynthesis
high temperatures
result of abnormally high temperatures
heat stress
damage plants by causing a restriction of nutriens and oxygen
floods
damage plants by burning them
lightning and fires
presence of rapid cell death with other complications, including lesions
necrosis
large array of insects and animals, ranging from deer to spider mites
pests
small and slender insects with use sharp mouth parts to pierce plant parts
aphids
commonly a nuisance for vegetable plants, among many others, pierce plant parts with sharp mouthparts and extract juices valuable to the plant.
hoppers, spittlebugs
larva of moths, which cause damage to crops and vegetables
caterpillars
commonly a nuisance to fruit plants, among many others
magots
tiny insects which use sharp mouth parts to damage plants, leaving clumps of small black waster on the areas they live and fee on
thrips
any plant which interferes with management practices, aesthetics, or beneficial plants is considered a week, and is not welcome in crop fields or gardens
week
caused by environmental and cultural conditions; these conditions cause disorders in plants because they alter the natural circumstances in which plants generally exist
physiological disorders
shortage or excess of certain nutrients nd chemicals
nutrient deficiency
may resemble potassium deficiency; leaves show the most signs of damage with weak and pale spots in many areas
magnesium deficiency
leaves with become increasingly pale on the entire surface area; applying nitrogen directly to deficient plants will generally show positive results
nitrogen deficiency
will cause wiling in older leaves, with interveinal chlorosis occurring at the base of the plant and spreading if left untreated
potassium deficiency
reveals very few symptoms to the blind eye, aside from some smaller light brown spots; if the plants are much smaller than average this deficiency may be the cause
phosphorus deficiency
known to kill plant leaves and rot them from the inside out if left untreated
blight
type of fungal disease which can rot plants; most often they affect trees and plants with woody features
cankers
affect many plants and can start on almost any part of the plant; caused by several different varieties of bacteria fungi
rots
type of fungal disease which can cause serious damage if untreated; rusts often produce a rust colored and powdery coating on leaves and other part of the plant
rusts
caused by lack of water
wilts
taken by professionals and producers to improve efficiency and crop out put
soil samples
crops harmed by frost and which grow best at temperatures above 70F
warm season crops
crops which grow best at temperatures between 60F and 65F
cool season crops
crops grown primarily to provide feed for livestock
forage crops
crops other than fresh fruits or vegetables grown for agricultural purposes
field crops
land use related to production of crops or livestock
agricultural purposes
crops grown for their fibers to make paper, cloth or rope
fiber crops
crops planted in rows far enough apart to allow operation of machinery between rows
row crops
commodities, such as raw materials and agricultural products, sold to other countries
export
biological classification which describes a single kind of plant with certain characteristics separating it form others
crop species
food production which avoids the use the biocides and synthetic fertilizers
organic agriculture
use of automatic or controlled systems to apply water to soil
irrigation
markets which sell products directly to the consumer; example, farm produce stands
direct market
process of harvesting and planting crops without tilling
no-till farming
farming technique of growing crops perpendicular to a slope instead of parallels to the slope to utilize run-off to lower lands
contour farming
system of annually rotating crops on a specific piece of land to maintain soil fertility
crop rotation
crops grown in the off season to prevent erosion and enrich the soil
cover crops
type of tobacco preserved with artificial heat
flue-cured
method of planting seeds by using a seed drill to place seeds directly in the soil at a specific space and depth to conserve water
drill seeding
rainfall dependent farming method which does not utilize irrigation
dry land farming
production of plants without a soil medium; utilizes only water, sunlight an dnutrients
hydroponics
needed by plants in large quantities; includes nitrogen, potassium and sulfur
macro nutrients
needed by plants in small quantities, includes boron, copper and iron
micro nutrients
material used for the support and stability of hydroponic plants; includes sand, gravel, peat moss and sawdust
artificial growing media
utilizes only nutrient infused water and system structures to produce plants
aquaculture systems
process of circulating air throughout a substance
aeration
utilizes aggregate as a support medium for plants; utilizes flooding techniques which reduce water usage and drain afterwards, allowing the roots to aerate
aggregate systems
most often in the form of sand or gravel
aggregate
aggregate system which utilizes gravity to provide nutrient solutions to plant roots
gravity feed systems
aggregate system which utilizes gravity to provide nutrient solutions to plant roots; manual operation is needed ot drain used nutrient solutions
manual gravity feed systems
pumps a nutrient solution into aggregate beds from a reservoir most often located below the aggregate bed
sub irrigation systems
hydroponic systems with containers holding growing roots and watered using misters
aeroponic systems
hydroponic system with continuous flow of nutrient solutions over the plant roots; are the most common hydroponic systems utilized by commercial producers
continuous flow systems
continuous flow system which use flexible plastic tubing supported by wooden trays to hold plants and provide a continuous flow of nutrient solutions
nutrient film technique systems
continuous flow system which uses mesh tubing with vertical inserts filled with peat moss to hold plants and provide a continuous flow of nutrient solutions
pipe dream systems
plants with the feasibility to grow hydropnically
hydroponic plants
