IC2 L16-20 Grammar Flashcards
Impression (印象 yìnxiàng)
🔹 Structure 1:
A 给 B 的印象 + Adj. / A 给了 B Adj. 的印象
🔹 Structure 2:
A 对 B 的印象 + Adj.
📘 Example:
John Hopkins 给了我很好的印象。
Jiāngsī Hépǔjīn sī gěi le wǒ hěn hǎo de yìnxiàng.
Johns Hopkins gave me a very good impression.
我对纽约的印象不太好。
Wǒ duì Niǔyuē de yìnxiàng bù tài hǎo.
I don’t have a very good impression of New York.
🧠 Use: Express what kind of impression someone or something gave or how you feel about it.
Descriptive Complements with 得 (de)
🔹 Structure:
Subj. + Verb (+ Object) + Verb + 得 + Adj.
📘 Example:
她唱得很好。
Tā chàng de hěn hǎo. – She sings very well.
他开车开得很快。
Tā kāichē kāi de hěn kuài. – He drives very fast.
🧠 Use: Describe how an action is done.
Adj. + 得 + Clause (Result/Consequence)
🔹 Structure:
Adj. + 得 + Verb Phrase
📘 Example:
他累得躺下了。
Tā lèi de tǎng xià le. – He was so tired that he lay down.
她疼得哭起来了。
Tā téng de kū qǐlái le. – She was in so much pain she started crying.
🧠 Use: Express cause and effect based on emotion or condition.
Resultative Complements
🔹 Structure:
Verb + 完 / 懂 / 到 / 清楚 / 好 / 错…
📘 Example:
我写完作业了。
Wǒ xiě wán zuòyè le. – I finished the homework.
他看懂了那本书。
Tā kàn dǒng le nà běn shū. – He understood that book.
🧠 Use: Show the result of an action.
Potential Complements (得 / 不)
🔹 Structure:
Verb + 得 / 不 + Resultative Complement
📘 Example:
他吃得完十个饺子。
Tā chī de wán shí gè jiǎozi. – He can finish ten dumplings.
我听不清楚老师的话。
Wǒ tīng bù qīngchu lǎoshī de huà. – I can’t hear the teacher clearly.
🧠 Use: Show whether someone can achieve a result.
Directional Complements (Simple)
🔹 Structure:
Verb + 上 / 下 / 进 / 出 / 回 / 来 / 去
📘 Example:
他走上楼了。
Tā zǒu shàng lóu le. – He walked upstairs.
她跑进教室来了。
Tā pǎo jìn jiàoshì lái le. – She ran into the classroom (toward the speaker).
🧠 Use: Show the physical direction of an action.
Directional Complement with 把
🔹 Structure:
Subj. + 把 + Obj. + Verb + Direction + Place (来/去)
📘 Example:
我把书拿出来了。
Wǒ bǎ shū ná chūlái le. – I took the book out.
请把行李搬上楼去。
Qǐng bǎ xínglǐ bān shàng lóu qù. – Please move the luggage upstairs.
🧠 Use: Emphasize the object being moved and its direction.
就 (jiù)
🔹 Structure:
(就) + Verb / Subject + 就 + Verb
📘 Example:
我五点就回家了。
Wǒ wǔ diǎn jiù huíjiā le. – I went home as early as 5.
就我们两个。
Jiù wǒmen liǎng gè. – Just the two of us.
🧠 Use: Express earliness, limitation, or emphasis.
Time Duration with 了…了 (Ongoing Action)
🔹 Structure:
Verb (+ Obj.) + 了 + Duration + 了
📘 Example:
我在这个公寓住了一年了。
Wǒ zài zhège gōngyù zhù le yì nián le.
I’ve been living in this apartment for one year.
她学中文学了两年了。
Tā xué Zhōngwén xué le liǎng nián le.
She has been learning Chinese for two years.
🧠 Use: Indicates an action started in the past and is still continuing.
Time Duration with 了… (Past Action)
🔹 Structure:
Verb + 了 + Duration
📘 Example:
他写信写了两个小时。
Tā xiě xìn xiě le liǎng gè xiǎoshí.
He wrote letters for two hours (finished).
🧠 Use: Describes completed actions lasting a certain time.
Verb + 得 / 不 + 下 (Capacity / Ability)
🔹 Structure:
Verb + 得 / 不 + 下 + Object
📘 Example:
房间住得下三个人。
Fángjiān zhù de xià sān gè rén.
The room can accommodate three people.
桌子放不下一台电脑。
Zhuōzi fàng bù xià yì tái diànnǎo.
The table can’t fit a computer.
🧠 Use: Indicates whether something fits or can be accommodated.
连…都 / 也… (Even…)
🔹 Structure:
连 + Object + 都 / 也 + Verb
📘 Example:
连一张床都放不下。
Lián yì zhāng chuáng dōu fàng bù xià.
It can’t even fit a single bed.
他太忙了，连吃饭的时间也没有。
Tā tài máng le, lián chīfàn de shíjiān yě méiyǒu.
He’s so busy he doesn’t even have time to eat.
🧠 Use: Emphasizes the extreme or unexpected nature of a statement.
Number + 多 (Approximate Numbers)
🔹 Structure:
Num + 多 + MW
Num + MW + 多
📘 Example:
我有十多个汉字不会写。
Wǒ yǒu shí duō gè hànzì bù huì xiě.
There are over ten characters I don’t know how to write.
他住了两年多。
Tā zhù le liǎng nián duō.
He lived (there) for over two years.
🧠 Use: Expresses “more than” an approximate quantity.
Question Pronouns + 都 / 也 (All / None)
🔹 Structure:
Question word + 都 / 也 + Verb
📘 Example:
什么家具都有。
Shénme jiājù dōu yǒu.
It has all kinds of furniture.
他哪儿也不去。
Tā nǎr yě bù qù.
He’s not going anywhere.
🧠 Use: “都” means all, “也” means not even / none depending on polarity.
差不多 (chàbuduō – almost / nearly)
🔹 Structure:
差不多 + Number / Phrase
📘 Example:
他学了差不多一年中文。
Tā xué le chàbuduō yì nián Zhōngwén.
He has studied Chinese for almost a year.
房租差不多五百块。
Fángzū chàbuduō wǔ bǎi kuài.
The rent is about 500 yuan.
🧠 Use: Expresses approximation or “almost the same.”
不准 (bù zhǔn – not allowed to)
🔹 Structure:
不准 + Verb Phrase
📘 Example:
公寓里不准养宠物。
Gōngyù lǐ bù zhǔn yǎng chǒngwù.
Pets are not allowed in the apartment.
🧠 Use: Strict prohibition, often used in rules and policies.
Time Duration of Non-Action (没 + Verb)
🔹 Structure:
Time Duration + 没 + Verb (+ 了)
📘 Example:
他一个星期没运动了。
Tā yí gè xīngqī méi yùndòng le.
He hasn’t exercised for a week.
我三天没吃饭了。
Wǒ sān tiān méi chī fàn le.
I haven’t eaten for three days.
🧠 Use: Describes how long an action has not occurred up to now.
V + 下去 (Continuation of an Action)
🔹 Structure:
Verb + 下去
📘 Example:
我喜欢中文，我想学下去。
Wǒ xǐhuān Zhōngwén, wǒ xiǎng xué xiàqù.
I like Chinese, I want to keep studying.
他打球打了两个小时了，还想打下去。
Tā dǎqiú dǎ le liǎng gè xiǎoshí le, hái xiǎng dǎ xiàqù.
He’s been playing for two hours and still wants to continue.
🧠 Use: Indicates that an action already started and is expected to continue.
好 / 难 + Verb (Ease or Difficulty)
🔹 Structure:
好 / 难 + Verb
📘 Examples:
这个字很好写。
Zhège zì hěn hǎo xiě. – This character is easy to write.
汉字很难记。
Hànzì hěn nán jì. – Chinese characters are hard to remember.
🧠 Use: Indicates whether something is easy or difficult to do.
好 / 难 + Verb (Pleasant / Unpleasant)
🔹 Structure:
Same as other one, but focuses on enjoyability rather than ease.
📘 Examples:
这首歌很好听。
Zhè shǒu gē hěn hǎo tīng. – This song is pleasant to listen to.
这个菜难吃。
Zhège cài nán chī. – This dish tastes bad.
🧠 Use: Indicates whether something is pleasant or unpleasant to sense.
着 (zhe) – Indicating State or Background Action
🔹 Structure:
Verb + 着
📘 Examples:
他坐着吃饭。
Tā zuòzhe chī fàn. – He is eating while sitting.
老师站着讲课。
Lǎoshī zhànzhe jiǎngkè. – The teacher is lecturing while standing.
🧠 Use: Expresses that an action or state is ongoing.
V1 着 V2 (Accompanying Action)
🔹 Structure:
Verb1 + 着 + Verb2
📘 Example:
她笑着说话。
Tā xiàozhe shuōhuà. – She spoke while smiling.
我喜欢躺着听音乐。
Wǒ xǐhuān tǎngzhe tīng yīnyuè. – I like listening to music while lying down.
🧠 Use: Indicates simultaneous actions, where the first is the background state.
被 / 让 / 叫 (Passive Voice)
🔹 Structure:
Receiver + 被 / 让 / 叫 + Agent + Verb + Result
📘 Example:
我的车被他开走了。
Wǒ de chē bèi tā kāi zǒu le. – My car was driven away by him.
手机被偷了。
Shǒujī bèi tōu le. – The phone was stolen.
🧠 Use: Expresses that someone was affected by another person’s action, usually negatively.
Passive Without Specifying Agent
📘 Example:
咖啡被喝完了。
Kāfēi bèi hē wán le. – The coffee was finished (by someone).
家具被搬走了。
Jiājù bèi bān zǒu le. – The furniture was moved away.
🧠 Use: Agent may be unknown or irrelevant; the focus is on the outcome.
Degree Complements – 极了 / 死了 / 太…了 / 特别 / 非常 / 真 / 挺 / 有点儿
🔹 Structure:
Adj. + 极了 / 死了 / 太…了 / 得不得了
特别 / 非常 / 真 / 挺 + Adj.
有点儿 + Adj. (usually negative)
📘 Examples:
今天热得不得了。
Jīntiān rè de bùdéliǎo. – Today is extremely hot.
她高兴得不得了。
Tā gāoxìng de bùdéliǎo. – She is extremely happy.
我有点儿累。
Wǒ yǒudiǎnr lèi. – I’m a little tired.
🧠 Use: Express different levels of intensity for emotions or qualities.
Adj. + 得 + 不得了 (Extremely)
🔹 Structure:
Adj. + 得 + 不得了
📘 Examples:
那个地方漂亮得不得了。
Nàgè dìfāng piàoliang de bùdéliǎo. – That place is incredibly beautiful.
飞机票贵得不得了。
Fēijīpiào guì de bùdéliǎo. – The plane ticket is outrageously expensive.
🧠 Use: Used in spoken Chinese to emphasize extreme degrees of an adjective.
有的…有的… (Some…, Some…)
🔹 Structure:
有的 + Clause 1，有的 + Clause 2
📘 Example:
同学们有的去旅行，有的去实习。
Tóngxuémen yǒude qù lǚxíng, yǒude qù shíxí. – Some classmates are traveling, some are doing internships.
🧠 Use: Describes different situations or behaviors among a group.
Numbers Over 1,000 (Big Numbers)
🔹 Structure:
Grouped by 4 digits in Chinese, not 3
📘 Examples:
35629379185
三百五十六亿两千九百三十七万九千一百八十五
Sānbǎi wǔshíliù yì liǎngqiān jiǔbǎi sānshíqī wàn jiǔqiān yībǎi bāshíwǔ
五十亿零二十万零九十六
Wǔshí yì líng èrshí wàn líng jiǔshíliù – 5,0020,0096
🧠 Use: Numbers in Chinese group digits by fours, not thousands.
打折 (Discounts)
🔹 Structure:
打 + Number + 折 = Pay that % of price
📘 Examples:
打八折
Dǎ bā zhé – 20% off
打五折
Dǎ wǔ zhé – 50% off
打二五折
Dǎ èr wǔ zhé – 75% off (only pay 25%)
🧠 Use: Used in sales & promotions to indicate how much discount is given.
Flashcard 30: Question Pronouns with 都 / 也 (Review)
🔹 Structure:
谁 / 什么 / 哪儿 / 哪个 + 都 / 也 + Verb
📘 Examples:
谁都喜欢他。
Shéi dōu xǐhuān tā. – Everybody likes him.
她什么都不吃。
Tā shénme dōu bù chī. – She eats nothing.
他哪儿也不认识。
Tā nǎr yě bù rènshi. – He doesn’t know anywhere.
🧠 Use: Emphasizes inclusiveness or exclusiveness depending on sentence polarity.
Question Pronouns as Indefinite References (Whoever / Wherever)
🔹 Structure:
Question Word + Clause 1, + (就) + Question Word + Clause 2
📘 Examples:
谁想去，谁就去。
Shéi xiǎng qù, shéi jiù qù. – Whoever wants to go can go.
什么便宜，我就买什么。
Shénme piányi, wǒ jiù mǎi shénme. – I’ll buy whatever is cheap.
哪儿安静，我就住哪儿。
Nǎr ānjìng, wǒ jiù zhù nǎr. – I’ll live wherever it’s quiet.
🧠 Use: Expresses flexibility or openness to any person/place/time.
比 (bǐ) Comparatives with Numbers
🔹 Structure:
A + 比 + B + Adj. + Num + MW (+ Noun)
📘 Examples:
我妹妹比我小五岁。
Wǒ mèimei bǐ wǒ xiǎo wǔ suì. – My younger sister is five years younger than me.
这件衬衫比那件贵二十块。
Zhè jiàn chènshān bǐ nà jiàn guì èrshí kuài. – This shirt is 20 yuan more expensive than that one.
🧠 Use: Expresses specific comparative differences using numbers.
把 Construction with Directional Complements
🔹 Structure:
Subj. + 把 + Obj. + Verb + Direction + Place (来 / 去)
📘 Examples:
她把行李放进车里了。
Tā bǎ xínglǐ fàng jìn chē lǐ le. – She put the luggage into the car.
请把书拿出来。
Qǐng bǎ shū ná chūlái. – Please take out the book.
🧠 Use: Describes what happens to an object and where it ends up.
Directional Complement with Implicit Place
🔹 Structure:
Verb + 上 / 下 / 出 / 进 + 来 / 去
📘 Examples:
他走上来了。
Tā zǒu shàng lái le. – He came upstairs.
她跑出去了一下。
Tā pǎo chūqù le yíxià. – She ran out briefly.
🧠 Use: Indicates movement toward or away from the speaker without naming a place.
Verb 1 的时候, Verb 2 (At the time when…)
🔹 Structure:
V1 的时候, V2
📘 Examples:
登机的时候，要把登机牌拿出来。
Dēngjī de shíhou, yào bǎ dēngjīpái ná chūlái. – When boarding, take out your boarding pass.
飞机起飞的时候，不能用手机。
Fēijī qǐfēi de shíhou, bù néng yòng shǒujī. – You can’t use your phone during takeoff.
🧠 Use: Describes timing of an action in relation to another.
Verb 1 以后, Verb 2 (After doing…)
🔹 Structure:
V1 + Result Complement + 以后, V2
📘 Examples:
办完护照以后，他订了机票。
Bàn wán hùzhào yǐhòu, tā dìng le jīpiào. – After getting his passport, he booked a flight.
托运行李以后，就去登机口。
Tuōyùn xínglǐ yǐhòu, jiù qù dēngjīkǒu. – After checking in luggage, go to the gate.
🧠 Use: Shows sequence of events.
还 + Positive Adj. (Soft approval)
🔹 Structure:
还 + 好 / 行 / 可以 / 不错
📘 Examples:
他中文说得还行。
Tā Zhōngwén shuō de hái xíng. – His Chinese is okay.
航班还不错。
Hángbān hái búcuò. – The flight was not bad.
🧠 Use: Polite, modest, or soft approval.
好像… (It seems that…)
🔹 Structure:
好像 + Adj. / VP / Clause
📘 Examples:
他好像生病了。
Tā hǎoxiàng shēngbìng le. – He seems sick.
她好像不想住下去了。
Tā hǎoxiàng bù xiǎng zhù xiàqù le. – She seems to not want to keep living here.
🧠 Use: Shows uncertainty or a guess based on observation.
的 / 地 / 得 (Three “de” particles)
🔹 Structures:
的 (de): Modifier + 的 + Noun
地 (de): Adverbial + 地 + Verb
得 (de): Verb + 得 + Complement
📘 Examples:
漂亮的衣服 (piàoliang de yīfu) – beautiful clothes
高兴地唱歌 (gāoxìng de chànggē) – sing happily
说得很好 (shuō de hěn hǎo) – speak well
🧠 Use: These three “de”s serve different grammatical functions in connecting words.
V + 得 + Adj./VP (Result / Degree of Action)
🔹 Structure:
Verb + 得 + Adj./Clause
📘 Examples:
他累得站不起来了。
Tā lèi de zhàn bù qǐlái le. – He’s so tired he can’t stand.
飞机晚点得不得了。
Fēijī wǎndiǎn de bùdéliǎo. – The flight is delayed extremely.
🧠 Use: Expresses the effect or intensity of an action or condition.
