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PR3154 > IC2 - Blood physiology > Flashcards

IC2 - Blood physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood?

A
  1. Transportation (Gases, nutrients, waste, hormones)
  2. Regulate (temp, pH, ion composition)
  3. Protects (blood clot, immune)
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2
Q

What are the 4 components of blood?

A

Plasma
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes
Platelets

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3
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Relative volume of RBC out of total blood volume

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4
Q

Why does red blood cells have large surface/ volume ratio?

A

For easy diffusion of oxygen

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5
Q

What determine the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen?

A

Amino acid sequence

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6
Q

How is RBC production regulated by?

A

Tissue oxygenation and erythropoietin

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7
Q

What is anemia?

A

It is the reduction below the normal capacity of the blood to carry oxygen due to reduced RBC and/or Hb functions.

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8
Q

What is nutritional anemia?

A

Anemia due to diet deficiencies e.g iron, folic acid

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9
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

Anemia due to lack of B12 or intrinsic factors

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10
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

Anemia due to failure of bone marrow to produce enough RBCs

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11
Q

What is renal anemia?

A

Anemia due to kidney disease causing lack of Erythropoietin

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12
Q

What is polycythemia or erythremia?

A

Condition where there are too many RBC and high hematocrit

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13
Q

What is primary polycythemia caused by?

A

Tumor/ tumor-like condition in the bone marrow

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14
Q

Polycythemia causes very _____ blood and can lead to ______ O2 delivery to tissues.

A

Viscous, insufficient

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15
Q

What does elevated hematocrit suggests?

A

Polycythemia

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16
Q

____ hematocrit and/or RBC count values suggest anemia.

A

Depressed

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17
Q

Depressed values of reticulocyte count may point to defect _______.

A

erythropoiesis

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18
Q

Reticulocytosis has _______ reticulocyte count.

A

elevated

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19
Q

Elevated RBC counts may suggest _______ or _______.

A

erythrocytosis, polycythemia

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20
Q

What does mean corpuscular volume refer to?

A

Average volume/ size of RBC

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21
Q

The term __________ refers to average concentration of hemoglobin in RBC (amt/vol)

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

22
Q

Red cell distribution width indicates the varying _____ _____.

A

RBC width

23
Q

What is mean corpuscular hemoglobin?

A

Average amount of hemoglobin in RBC

24
Q

What are the four leukocyte disorders?

A

Leukopenia
Leukocytosis
Leukemia (cancer in blood)
Lymphoma (cancer n lymphatic system)

25
Q

What is the WBC count for leukocytosis?

A

> 1.1x10^7/ml

26
Q

What is the WBC count for WBC cancers?

A

Up to 5x10^8/ml

27
Q

What are the three phases in hemostasis?

A

Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug
Fibrin clot

28
Q

What is the purpose of vasoconstriction?

A

Provide time for platelet and coagulation phase

29
Q

Vasoconstriction is initiated by ______ nerves and mediated by _________ cells.

A

sympathetic, vascular smooth muscle

30
Q

Describe the platelet phase in hemostasis.

A
  1. Endothelial wall damage
  2. Collagen production
  3. Sticking and secretion of contents from platelets
  4. Increase sticking of platelets
  5. Formation of platelet plugs

Overall positive feedback loop

31
Q

What role does the platelet phase plays?

A

Close leak by forming temporary patch
Regulate blood clot by releasing chemical mediators
Contraction of blood clot

32
Q

What mediates the platelet adhesion to collagen during platelet phase?

A

Von Willebrand’s factor

33
Q

During platelet aggregation, platelets release _____ to attract and activate more platelets.

A

ADP

34
Q

______ promotes aggregation and further vasoconstriction.

A

Tbx A2

35
Q

What is the role of thrombin in hemostasis?

A
  1. Increases the no of thrombin via + feedback loop
  2. Activate XIIIa for fibrin mesh stabilization
  3. Activate platelet
  4. Release PF3 from platelets to activate intrinsic pathway
36
Q

What are the 2 ways in which factor Xa can be activated?

A
  1. Damage tissues releases tissue factor/ thromboplastin III and convert VII to VIIa, which in turn convert X to Xa.
  2. Exposure to collagen fibres results in platelet phospholipid conformation change and a downward cascade which convert IX to IXa.
37
Q

What are the clotting factors?

A

Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
Tissue factors
Calcium ions
Proaccelerin
Procovertin
Antihemophilic
Plasma thromboplastin (IX)
Stuart-Prower factor
Plasma thromboplastin (XI)
Hageman factor
Fibrin-stabilizing

38
Q

Which clotting factors do not come from liver?

A

Tissue factors
Calcium ions
Antihemophilic

39
Q

Which of the four clotting factors requires vitamin K?

A

Prothrombin
Procovertin
Plasma thromboplastin (IX)
Stuart-Prower factor

40
Q

How is clot retracted?

A

Clot retraction occurs by squeezing serum from the fibrin clot. This stabilizes the clot.

41
Q

What are the two factors involved in the repair stage for damaged blood vessels?

A
  1. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
  2. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
42
Q

What is the function of prostacyclin in the regulation of blood clot?

A

Inhibits platelet activation and limit spread of blood clot

43
Q

What is the function of serotonin in the regulation of blood clot?

A

Inhibits ADP activity at high concentration

44
Q

Describe the process of fibrinolysis.

A

Tissue plasminogen activator cleaves the inactive plasminogen to protease plasmin and plasmin digest fibrin to dissolve clot

45
Q

List 6 blood clotting disorders.

A
  1. Hemophilia (men)
  2. Liver disease
  3. Vitamin K deficiency
  4. Thrombocytopenia
  5. Thrombosis
  6. Thromboembolism
46
Q

Partial thromboplastin time measure the efficacy of _____ and _______ coagulation pathways.

A

intrinsic, common

47
Q

Prothrombin time measure the efficacy of the _______ and ________ pathways.

A

extrinsic, common

48
Q

What does International normalized ratio measure?

A

The ratio of patient PT to the PT of a healthy person

49
Q

Partial thromboplastin time is used to monitor _______ therapy.

A

heparin

50
Q

What are the two test used to monitor warfarin therapy?

A
  1. Prothrombin time
  2. INR

PR3154 (16 decks)

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