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PR3153 > IC2&3 - Neurophysiology > Flashcards

IC2&3 - Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an afferent?

A

Neuron fibre that transmit information from PNS To CNS

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2
Q

What are efferents?

A

Nerves fibres that transmit signal from CNS to PNS

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3
Q

What are the two factors that affects the speed of signal conduction?

A

Myelination and size

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4
Q

Pain signal is communicated via the ______ pathway to neurons via _____.

A

afferent, synapses

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5
Q

What are the two examples of postsynaptic target?

A

Dendrites (excitatory synapse)
Soma (inhibitory synapse)

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6
Q

How is signal transmitted to CNS?

A

Via generation electrical signal/ Action Potential from a negative resting membrane potential is generated.

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7
Q

Upstroke of action potential results in _____.

A

opening of voltage gated Na+ channels

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8
Q

Downstroke of action potential results in ______ and ______.

A

Inactivation of Na+ channel, opening of K+ channel

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9
Q

Name 2 ways in which ions pass through the ion channels?

A
  1. Concentration gradient
  2. Electrical ‘pull’ and electrochemical gradient
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10
Q

Hyperpolarization causes neurons to be _______.

A

inhibited

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11
Q

What is the inhibitory transmitter that is involved in hyperpolarization?

A

GABA

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12
Q

Describe the process in generating action potential when touch is applied.

A
  1. Touch
  2. Conversion of external stimuli to electrical charges
  3. Depolarization results in action potential
  4. Action potential jumps from node to node (nodes of ranvier) via saltatory conduction
  5. Goes to CNS
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13
Q

List the 5 roles of cortex.

A
  1. Sensation, perception
  2. Voluntary movement
  3. Personality traits
  4. Learning + Memory
  5. Language
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14
Q

What are the four defined regions in neuron?

A
  1. Cell body (Soma)
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axons
  4. Presynaptic terminals
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15
Q

What is the resting membrane potential related to?

A

Differential distribution of ions across the membrane

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16
Q

What are the three components of the synapse?

A

Presynaptic terminal, postsynaptic cell and synaptic cleft

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17
Q

What is released in the process of synaptic transmission?

A

Neurotransmitters (E.g. Acetylcholine)

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18
Q

Where does acetylcholine binds to?

A

Nicotinic receptor

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19
Q

What is the major excitory transmitter at CNS synapse?

A

Glutamate

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20
Q

Which fibres respond to pain?

A

A-delta and C fibres

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21
Q

Which fibre respond to touch

A

A-beta

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22
Q

How does K+ cells move in and out of cells?

A
  1. Concentration gradient
  2. Electrical pull
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23
Q

What are the two limbic structures in the medial temporal lobe?

A

Hippocampus, Amygdala

24
Q

What are the two major somatosensory relay?

A
  1. Spinothalamic tract pathway (pain)
  2. Dorsal column pathway (touch)
25
Q

Describe the pain somatosensory relay.

A

Tissue damage > Signal generated at nocireceptor > Relay of peripheral signal via action potential to spinal cord > Enter dorsal horn and synapse on receiving neurons > receiving neurons sends long axons to thalamus > information is then sent to cortex

26
Q

Signal travels along ______________.

A

Topographic lines

27
Q

Which somatosensory cortex does the input from somatic surface reaches?

A

Primary

28
Q

Information from lower limb reaches the _____ part of the somatosensory homunculus.

A

Medial

29
Q

Information from the upper parts reaches more ______ regions of the somatosensory cortex.

A

Lateral

30
Q

The somatosensory homunculus contains _____ mapping of the face due to ______ density of receptor in the face regions.

A

Larger, higher

31
Q

What is a labelled line?

A

It refers to the receptor and its associated first order neurons.

32
Q

How many types of stimulus does the labelled line respond to?

A

1

33
Q

The intensity of the external stimulus applied to skin is encoded by _____.

A

sensory relay

34
Q

What are the two types of intensity encoding?

A

Frequency code (No of AP evoked in labelled line)
Population code (No of receptors excited)

35
Q

Describe the relation between pain intensity and the intensity coding.

A

The higher the number of receptors excited , the higher the action potential generated per unit time, the more intense the sensation.

36
Q

Sensation felt by an individual is due to which factors?

A

Quality (labelled line)
Intensity (frequency and population code)
Location (receptive field, sensory homunculus)

37
Q

Define hyperalgesia.

A

Increased pain to a given noxious stimulus

38
Q

Define Allodynia.

A

Pain to a normally non-painful stimulus

39
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Spontaneous activity and increased responsivness

Also shows a decrease in excitation threshold of pain pathway

40
Q

List three possible mechanisms of touch allodynia.

A
  1. Degeneration of inhibitory neuron
  2. Altered inhibitory neuron functions
  3. Altered spinothalamic neuron functions
41
Q

How does degeneration of inhibitory neuron cause touch allodynia?

A

Lesser inhibitory neurons for inhibition of pain, hence decreasing threshold of pain and increase pain

42
Q

How does altered inhibitory neurons casue touch allodynia?

A

Excites spinothalamic neuron post injury instead of inhibit

43
Q

How does altered 2nd order spinothalamic neurons casue touch allodynia?

A

Injury causes nocireceptors to becomes more excitable due to decreased threshold and increase excitation of ST neuron, making it more responsive to touch

44
Q

What are two types of pain modulation?

A

Segmental modulation (Gate theory)
Descending

45
Q

Explain segmental modulation.

A

Stimulation of large diameter afferents for touch excite inhibitory interneurons, in turn decreasing transmission of pain signal in spinal cord

46
Q

Explain descending modulation of pain.

A

Stimulation of mid brain activates medullary regions and hence stimulating internuerons in spinal cord, inhbiting transmission of pain signal

47
Q

What are three types of movements?

A

Reflexes
Rhythmic motor patterns
Voluntary

48
Q

Reflexes involves _______ movements.

A

involuntary

49
Q

Rhythmic motor patterns requires ______ initiation and termination.

A

Voluntary

50
Q

Goal directed movements are _____.

A

voluntary

51
Q

The _____ controls voluntary movement.

A

cortex

52
Q

The ____ controls postural reflexes and rhythmic motor patterns

A

brain stem

53
Q

How do the cortex and brainstem regions influence movement?

A

via neurons that send long axons from the site of origin to spinal cord

54
Q

Adjustment in output of efferent via cortex and brainstem can ______ affect movement

A

indirectly

55
Q

What disorder will occur if the basal ganglia is damaged?

A

Movement and posture disorder

PR3153 (16 decks)

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