I'm stupid part 3 Flashcards by Emily Hsu

What are enteroendocrine cells also known as?

G cells

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Define a muscle fasciculus

A bundle of several muscle fibres

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What is the innervation of intrafusal muscle fibres?

Gamma motor neurones

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How many calories are in a gram of carbohydrates?

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How many calories are in a gram of protein?

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What is the rate limiting enzyme of the Kreb’s cycle?

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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What stains goblet cells blue?

Alcian blue

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Does foetal haemoglobin have a higher or lower affinity for oxygen?

Foetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen

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What is the actions of 2-3-DPG?

Facilitates oxygen release at tissue

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What is the innervation of the parietal pleura and what is it sensitive to?

Intercostal nerves

Pain and temperature

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What is the innervation of the visceral pleura and what is it sensitive to?

Vagus

Stretch

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Describe embryological surfactant production

Begins at 34 weeks

Increases dramatically 2 weeks before birth

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What are the steps of bone remodelling?

Resting
Activation
Resorption
Reversal
Formation

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How much glycogen can be stored in skeletal muscle?

300g

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What is the innervation of the gag reflex?

Afferent - CNIX

Efferent - CNX

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What is the precursor molecule for the production of catecholamines?

Tyrosine

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How long is the PR interval?

0.12 - 0.2 seconds

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What is deontology?

Uses rules to distinguish right from wrong

Encompasses kantianism and virtue ethis

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What is Kantianism?

Features of the act themselves determine worthiness of the act

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What is Virtue Ethics?

Focus is on the kind of person acting

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What is appositional growth?

The process of adding new bone on top of what is already there

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What is interstitial growth?

The process by which most other tissues grow (growing from the inside and expanding outwards)

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Which cranial nerve is present in the carotid sinus?

CN IX

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What is the function of nebulin and titin?

Binds to actin and myosin respectively

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What are the differences between the jejunum and the ileum?

Jejunum - thick intestinal wall, longer vasa recta, less arcades, red Ileum - thin intestinal wall, shorter vasa recta, more arcades, pink

What is the first artery to branch off the aorta?

Coronary arteries

What are the 2 methods of hepatic glucose output?

Decreased gluconeogenesis | Decrease glycogenolysis

What is gluconeogenesis?

Production of glucose from non-carbohydrate metabolites

What is glycogenolysis?

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

Where is the pneumotaxic area located and what is its function?

``` Upper pons Enables expiration Receives stretch receptor information Inhibits DRG Can override the apneustic area ```

Where is the apneustic area and what is its function?

Lower pons Activates inspiration and inhibits expiration Causes deep prolonged breathing by stimulating the DRG

What is the VRG (ventral respiratory group)?

Stimulates expiratory neurones | Stimulates accessory respiratory muscles

What is the DRG (dorsal respiratory group)?

Stimulates inspiration | Stimulates the diaphragm and intercostals

What are the consequences of increased skin pH?

Corneodesmosome breakdown Impaired formation of lipid lamellae Reduced water retention Easier for allergens to penetrate skin

What is the purpose of a acidic skin pH?

Inhibits proteases (stops corneodesmosome breakdown)

Via what vessel is bile recycled to the liver?

Hepatic portal vein

What cell secretes pepsinogen?

Chief cells

What structures make up the conducting zone?

Top of the trachea -> End of terminal bronchiole

What structures make up the respiratory zone?

Respiratory zone -> Alveoli (where gas exchange occurs)

What is the visceral pericardium a) derived from b) tissue type c) epithelium type

a) Mesoderm b) Mesothelium c) Cuboidal

What is mesothelium?

Protective membrane that covers the lungs, heart, abdomen and testes Cuboidal

What layer of the skin is 1 cell thick?

Stratum basale

What shape are purkinje fibres histologically?

S shaped

What is the major cation in the a) ECF b) ICF

a) Na+ | b) K+

What are the laryngeal cartilages made out of?

Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, cuneiform - hyaline cartilage | Epiglottis, corniculate - elastic cartilage

What is anticipation?

Genetic disorders can affect several successive generations earlier and more severely

What is expressivity?

The degree to which a phenotype is expressed by individuals who have a particular phenotype

What is a primer?

Short nucleic acid sequence (usually RNA) which provides a starting point for DNA synthesis

How many calories are in a gram of alcohol?

7Kcal/gram

What are the 3 main lung receptors?

Stretch Irritant Juxtapulmonary

From which embryological layer is the urogenital sinus dervied?

Mesoderm

From which embryological layer is the muscular wall of the bowel derived?

Mesoderm

Describe Meyer's loop

In the temporal lobe Projects upper visual field Inferior optic radiation

Describe Baum's loop

In the parietal lobe Projects the lower visual field Superior optic radiation

How are amino acids absorbed?

Facilitated diffusion using sodium ions

What are the 2 histological units of the liver?

1. LOBULE - hexagon - central vein in middle and portal triad at corners 2. ACINAR - 4 corners: 2 hepatic venules and 2 portal triads - diamond shaped

What is the innervation of the epiglottis?

Superior laryngeal

What is the name of the fibrous covering of the liver?

Glisson's capsule

What causes macular sparring?

Occlusion of the PCA and MCA

What is the action of gluteus maximus?

External (lateral) rotation | Thigh extension

What is the action of gluteus medius and minimus?

Abduction | Medial rotation

Where does ketogenesis occur?

Hepatocytes

What are the substrates of ketogenesis?

x2 Acetyl CoA

Define heritability

The proportion of aetiology that can be ascribed to genetic factors

Define haematocrit

Percentage of RBCs in the cellular component of blood

Give some examples of macrophages

Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophages Osteoclasts Microglia

What is the epithelium lining the nasal sinuses?

Respiratory epithelium

Where do gastric contractions begin?

Gastric body

How frequently does the large intestine contract?

Every 30 minutes

How long does ingested food stay in the large intestine before its excreted?

18-24 hours

How many litres of water pass through the GI tract every day?

State 4 features of the BBB

Tight junctions No fenestrations Astrocytes Pericytes

In which part of the brain is the olfactory cortex located?

Uncus

Which cells secrets osteoprotegrin?

Osteoblasts

In which region of the bladder does the start of the urethra lie?

Trigone of the bladder

What epithelium is found in penile urethra?

Proximal - pseudostratified columnar | Distal - non keratinising stratified squamous

What muscle abducts the vocal cords?

Posterior cricoarytenoid

What is the innervation of the cricothyroid muscle?

External branch of superior laryngeal | (all other intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal

What does the epiblast become?

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

What % of the body's water is found in the plasma?

What artery supplies the AVN?

Right coronary artery

What anatomical structure separates the upper and lower airways?

Larynx

What is the action of sartorius?

Knee flexion | Lateral rotation

What is the function of trabeculae carneae?

Increase contractility of the heart

What is the first branch of the abdominal aorta?

Inferior phrenic

What is the brodmanns are for Wernicke's and Broca's?

``` Wernicke's = 22 Broca's = 44 and 45 ```

What is the normal epithelium of the oesophagus?

Stratified squamous non keratinising

Where is renin produced from?

Juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney

What is Laplace's law?

P = 2πr

Describe type 2 hypersensitivity

Due to antigen-antibody complex formation

Describe type 3 hypersensitivity

Due to immune complex deposition

Describe type 4 hypersensitivity

Delayed T cell mediated

What is the anatomical location of the sinoatrial node?

Sulcus terminalis

What area in the lower region of the brain is blue and has many serotonergic neurones?

Nucleus accumbens

From which vertebral levels does the sympathetic chain range from?

T1 - L2

Describe the loop of Henle

Descending - water moves out, ions retained | Ascending - water retained, ions move out

Describe the 3 steps of primary platelet plug formation

Adhesion of platelets to vWF on collagen Platelet aggregation Activation (change in shape)