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Questions i got wrong > I'm stupid part 2 > Flashcards

I'm stupid part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What layer does an artery have but a vein lacks?

A

External elastic lamina

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2
Q

Order the different types of artery supplying the kidney

A 
Renal
Segmental
Interlobar
Arcuate
Interlobular
Afferent
Glomerulus
Efferent 
Peritubular
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3
Q

Which clotting factors are vitamin K dependent?

A 
II
VII
IX
X
(1972)
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4
Q

What type of cell is found in smooth muscle?

A

Fusiform

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5
Q

At what vertebral level do the kidneys sit?

A

T12 - L3

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6
Q

What substrate is used in gluconeogenesis?

A

Glycerol (produced from breakdown of adipocytes)

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7
Q

What substrate is used in ketogenesis?

A

Adipocytes

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8
Q

From what embryological layer is the CNS derived?

A

Ectoderm

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9
Q

When does surfactant start being produced?

A

34 weeks

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10
Q

Describe basophils

A

Live for 1/2 days
Release histamine
Granular histological appearance

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11
Q

What enzyme catalyses the conversion of purines to xanthine to uric acid?

A

Xanthine oxidase

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12
Q

Is GABA inhibitory or excitatory?

A

Inhibitory

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13
Q

Is glutamate inhibitory or excitatory?

A

Excitatory

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14
Q

Is bronchoconstriction parasympathetic or sympathetic

A

Parasympathetic

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15
Q

What arteries supply the pancreas

A

Superior pancreatoduodenal
Inferior pancreatoduodenal
Splenic arteries

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16
Q

What is Ohm’s law?

A

Pressure = cardiac output x resistance

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17
Q

Where does lipid synthesis occur?

A

SER

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18
Q

What is the resting potential of myocardial cells?

A

-90mV

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19
Q

Is skeletal or cardiac muscle contraction longer?

A

Cardiac

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20
Q

What produces CSF?

A

Ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

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21
Q

Where does the CSF go after production?

A

Drains into the sub-dural space via arachnoid granulations

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22
Q

What 2 layers of superficial fascia lie below the skin?

A

Camper’s (superficial)

Scarpa’s (deep)

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23
Q

Where is cholecystokinin produced?

A

I cells in the DUODENUM

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24
Q

Is amylase produced in the pancreas?

A

Yes

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25
Q

At which vertebral level does the renal artery come off the abdominal aorta?

A

L1 (sometimes L2)

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26
Q

What are lymphocytes derived from?

A

Lymphoid progenitor cells (which are derived from haemocytoblasts)

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27
Q

What are macrophages derived from?

A

Monocytes

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28
Q

What are myeloblasts derived from?

A

Myeloid progenitor cells

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29
Q

In which layer of the skin are melanocytes found?

A

Stratum basale

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30
Q

How is alcohol metabolised by the liver?

A

Alcohol converted into acetaldehyde (alcohol dehydrogenase)
Acetaldehyde converted into acetate (acetaldehyde dehydrogenase)
Acetate broken down into CO2 and water

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31
Q

What substance causes jaundice?

A

Billirubin

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32
Q

How are changes in the osmolality of the ECF detected?

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

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33
Q

Describe ketogenesis

A
  1. High rates of fatty acid oxidation result in large amounts of acetyl CoA production that exceed the Krebs cycle
  2. 2 molecules of acetyl CoA are converted into acetoacetyl CoA under thiolase
  3. Acetoactyl CoA is converted into acetoacetate
  4. Acetoacetate is converted into b-hydroxybyturate under b-hydroxybutarate dehydrogenase and acetone
    IN THE LIVER
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34
Q

What is preload?

A

Initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction

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35
Q

What is afterload?

A

Pressure the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood during systole

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36
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Change from one cell type to another

37
Q

What are the differences between cervical and thoracic vertebrae?

A

Cervical - large, oval shape vertebral body Thoracic - small, heart shaped vertebral body
Cervical - bifid spinous process Thoracic - inferiorly slanting spinous process

38
Q

What cells produce CSF?

A

Ependymal cells in the choroid plexus

39
Q

In which meningeal space does CSF exist?

A

Subarachnoid space

40
Q

What colour is lipofuscin and where is it found?

A

Orange/brown

Heart and liver

41
Q

What type of muscle cell is multinucleated?

A

Skeletal

42
Q

What is the function of the loop of henle?

A

Generating an osmotic gradient in the medulla that functions to reabsorb water

43
Q

How does phagocytosis work?

A

Engulfs bacteria within a phagosome
Membrane fuses with a lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes forming phagolysosomes
Lysosome enzymes break down and destroy bacteria

44
Q

The levels of what substances are detected by peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

PaO2
PaCO2
pH

45
Q

Where are dopamine neurones in the basal ganglia?

A

Pars compacta of substantia nigra

46
Q

Where are GABA neurones found in the basal ganglia?

A

Pars reticulata of substantia nigra

47
Q

What structures make up the basal ganglia?

A
  • The striatum: putamen and caudate nucleus.
  • Globus pallidus: internal and external segments.
  • Subthalamic nucleus.
  • Substantia nigra.
48
Q

What is the innervation of the bladder?

A

Parasympathetic - Pelvic Splanchnic (S2-S4)
Sympathetic - Hypogastric (T1-L2)
Somatic motor - Pudendal (S2-S4)

49
Q

In the cell body of which nucleus is ADH produced?

A

Supraoptic

50
Q

In the cell body of which nucleus is oxytocin produced?

A

Paraventricular

51
Q

Describe the action of insulin secretion from beta cells

A
  • glucose enters the cell via GLUT-2 receptors
  • glucose -> glucose-6-phosphate
  • ADP -> ATP
  • K+ channels close causing membrane depolarization
  • Ca2+ channels open
  • influx of Ca2+ causes insulin release
52
Q

Describe the action of insulin at fat and muscle cells

A
  • insulin binds to membrane receptors
  • triggers an intracellular signalling cascade
  • intracellular GLUT-4 vesicles are mobilised and fused into the cell membrane
  • glucose enters the cell via GLUT-4
53
Q

Where are the receptors for peptide hormones?

A

Plasma membrane

54
Q

Where are the receptors for steroid hormones?

A

Intracellular

55
Q

Are steroid hormones made at response or stored?

A

Made at response

hence slower response time

56
Q

Are peptide hormones made at response or stored?

A

Stored

hence fast response time

57
Q

Where is rRNA synthesised?

A

Nucleolus

58
Q

What is desmin and where is it found?

A

A type of intermediate filament

Found exclusively in muscle cells

59
Q

During which week of foetal development does the primitive streak usually appear?

A

Week 3

60
Q

At what vertebral level would you find the loop of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

T4 (Angle of Louis)

61
Q

Describe the course of the recurrent laryngeal nerves

A

Right recurrent laryngeal loops around the R subclavian artery
Left loops around the arch of the aorta

62
Q

How do you calculate total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

A

TPR = MAP/CO

63
Q

In which of the cardiac layers can Purkinje fibres be found?

A

Endocardium

64
Q

What is the innervation of the cricothyroid muscle?

A

Superior laryngeal

65
Q

What is the function of the pores of kohn?

A

Allow transmission between alveoli and equilibrium of air pressure

66
Q

What is the oropharynx continuous with?

A

Oesophagus

67
Q

What is the larynx continuous with?

A

Trachea

68
Q

How many muscle layers does the stomach have?

A 
3
Oblique
Circular
Longitudinal
(rest of GI tract only has circular and longitudinal)
69
Q

Intrinsic factor is essential for the absorption of which vitamin?

A

Vitamin B12

70
Q

Bile salts are essential for the absorption of which vitamin?

A

Vitamin K

71
Q

What is the function of ghrelin and leptin?

A

Ghrelin - increases hunger

Leptin - decreases hunger

72
Q

Which blood vessel supplies the majority of blood to the liver?

A

Hepatic portal vein (approx. 75%)

73
Q

Damage to what nerve leads to double vision?

A

Cn. 4 (trochlea)

74
Q

Where is the only place in the body where you can find a double layer of stratified columnar cells?

A

Conjunctiva of eyelid

75
Q

What is the typical length of a menstrual cycle?

A

21-35 days

76
Q

Where would you find Reinke’s crystalloids?

A

Leydig cells

77
Q

Where is EPO produced?

A

Renal cortex

78
Q

How many cells does a morula contain?

A

16

79
Q

Which type of epithelium can you find lining the vas deferens?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia

80
Q

Which type of bone is most numerous in the human body?

A

Long bones

81
Q

Order the different parts of the brachial plexus

A 
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches
Read That Damn Cadaver Book
82
Q

What nerve runs through the tarsal tunnel?

A

Tibial nerve

83
Q

What is the notochord derived from, what does it become and where is it located?

A

Mesoderm
Becomes the intervertebral discs
Lies anterior to gut tube and posterior to neural tube

84
Q

What does the neural tube become and how is it formed?

A

Becomes the brain, spinal cord and spine

Pinching of the neural folds (part of the neuroectoderm)

85
Q

Where are water soluble vitamins stored in the body?

A

They are NOT stored in the body

86
Q

What are the 5 focal virtues of virtue ethics?

A 
Compassion
Discernment
Trustworthiness
Integrity
Conscientiousness
87
Q

Shifting the oxygen dissociation curve to the left?

A

INCREASED oxygen affinity
pH increase
Temperature decrease

88
Q

Shifting the oxygen dissociation curve to the right?

A

DECREASED oxygen affinity
pH decrease
Temperature increase

Questions i got wrong (6 decks)

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