I'm stupid part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What layer does an artery have but a vein lacks?
A
External elastic lamina
2
Q
Order the different types of artery supplying the kidney
A
Renal Segmental Interlobar Arcuate Interlobular Afferent Glomerulus Efferent Peritubular
3
Q
Which clotting factors are vitamin K dependent?
A
II VII IX X (1972)
4
Q
What type of cell is found in smooth muscle?
A
Fusiform
5
Q
At what vertebral level do the kidneys sit?
A
T12 - L3
6
Q
What substrate is used in gluconeogenesis?
A
Glycerol (produced from breakdown of adipocytes)
7
Q
What substrate is used in ketogenesis?
A
Adipocytes
8
Q
From what embryological layer is the CNS derived?
A
Ectoderm
9
Q
When does surfactant start being produced?
A
34 weeks
10
Q
Describe basophils
A
Live for 1/2 days
Release histamine
Granular histological appearance
11
Q
What enzyme catalyses the conversion of purines to xanthine to uric acid?
A
Xanthine oxidase
12
Q
Is GABA inhibitory or excitatory?
A
Inhibitory
13
Q
Is glutamate inhibitory or excitatory?
A
Excitatory
14
Q
Is bronchoconstriction parasympathetic or sympathetic
A
Parasympathetic
15
Q
What arteries supply the pancreas
A
Superior pancreatoduodenal
Inferior pancreatoduodenal
Splenic arteries
16
Q
What is Ohm’s law?
A
Pressure = cardiac output x resistance
17
Q
Where does lipid synthesis occur?
A
SER
18
Q
What is the resting potential of myocardial cells?
A
-90mV
19
Q
Is skeletal or cardiac muscle contraction longer?
A
Cardiac
20
Q
What produces CSF?
A
Ependymal cells of the choroid plexus
21
Q
Where does the CSF go after production?
A
Drains into the sub-dural space via arachnoid granulations
22
Q
What 2 layers of superficial fascia lie below the skin?
A
Camper’s (superficial)
Scarpa’s (deep)
23
Q
Where is cholecystokinin produced?
A
I cells in the DUODENUM
24
Q
Is amylase produced in the pancreas?
A
Yes
25
At which vertebral level does the renal artery come off the abdominal aorta?
L1 (sometimes L2)
26
What are lymphocytes derived from?
Lymphoid progenitor cells (which are derived from haemocytoblasts)
27
What are macrophages derived from?
Monocytes
28
What are myeloblasts derived from?
Myeloid progenitor cells
29
In which layer of the skin are melanocytes found?
Stratum basale
30
How is alcohol metabolised by the liver?
Alcohol converted into acetaldehyde (alcohol dehydrogenase)
Acetaldehyde converted into acetate (acetaldehyde dehydrogenase)
Acetate broken down into CO2 and water
31
What substance causes jaundice?
Billirubin
32
How are changes in the osmolality of the ECF detected?
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
33
Describe ketogenesis
1. High rates of fatty acid oxidation result in large amounts of acetyl CoA production that exceed the Krebs cycle
2. 2 molecules of acetyl CoA are converted into acetoacetyl CoA under thiolase
3. Acetoactyl CoA is converted into acetoacetate
4. Acetoacetate is converted into b-hydroxybyturate under b-hydroxybutarate dehydrogenase and acetone
IN THE LIVER
34
What is preload?
Initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction
35
What is afterload?
Pressure the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood during systole
36
What is metaplasia?
Change from one cell type to another
37
What are the differences between cervical and thoracic vertebrae?
Cervical - large, oval shape vertebral body Thoracic - small, heart shaped vertebral body
Cervical - bifid spinous process Thoracic - inferiorly slanting spinous process
38
What cells produce CSF?
Ependymal cells in the choroid plexus
39
In which meningeal space does CSF exist?
Subarachnoid space
40
What colour is lipofuscin and where is it found?
Orange/brown
| Heart and liver
41
What type of muscle cell is multinucleated?
Skeletal
42
What is the function of the loop of henle?
Generating an osmotic gradient in the medulla that functions to reabsorb water
43
How does phagocytosis work?
Engulfs bacteria within a phagosome
Membrane fuses with a lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes forming phagolysosomes
Lysosome enzymes break down and destroy bacteria
44
The levels of what substances are detected by peripheral chemoreceptors?
PaO2
PaCO2
pH
45
Where are dopamine neurones in the basal ganglia?
Pars compacta of substantia nigra
46
Where are GABA neurones found in the basal ganglia?
Pars reticulata of substantia nigra
47
What structures make up the basal ganglia?
- The striatum: putamen and caudate nucleus.
- Globus pallidus: internal and external segments.
- Subthalamic nucleus.
- Substantia nigra.
48
What is the innervation of the bladder?
Parasympathetic - Pelvic Splanchnic (S2-S4)
Sympathetic - Hypogastric (T1-L2)
Somatic motor - Pudendal (S2-S4)
49
In the cell body of which nucleus is ADH produced?
Supraoptic
50
In the cell body of which nucleus is oxytocin produced?
Paraventricular
51
Describe the action of insulin secretion from beta cells
- glucose enters the cell via GLUT-2 receptors
- glucose -> glucose-6-phosphate
- ADP -> ATP
- K+ channels close causing membrane depolarization
- Ca2+ channels open
- influx of Ca2+ causes insulin release
52
Describe the action of insulin at fat and muscle cells
- insulin binds to membrane receptors
- triggers an intracellular signalling cascade
- intracellular GLUT-4 vesicles are mobilised and fused into the cell membrane
- glucose enters the cell via GLUT-4
53
Where are the receptors for peptide hormones?
Plasma membrane
54
Where are the receptors for steroid hormones?
Intracellular
55
Are steroid hormones made at response or stored?
Made at response
| hence slower response time
56
Are peptide hormones made at response or stored?
Stored
| hence fast response time
57
Where is rRNA synthesised?
Nucleolus
58
What is desmin and where is it found?
A type of intermediate filament
| Found exclusively in muscle cells
59
During which week of foetal development does the primitive streak usually appear?
Week 3
60
At what vertebral level would you find the loop of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?
T4 (Angle of Louis)
61
Describe the course of the recurrent laryngeal nerves
Right recurrent laryngeal loops around the R subclavian artery
Left loops around the arch of the aorta
62
How do you calculate total peripheral resistance (TPR)?
TPR = MAP/CO
63
In which of the cardiac layers can Purkinje fibres be found?
Endocardium
64
What is the innervation of the cricothyroid muscle?
Superior laryngeal
65
What is the function of the pores of kohn?
Allow transmission between alveoli and equilibrium of air pressure
66
What is the oropharynx continuous with?
Oesophagus
67
What is the larynx continuous with?
Trachea
68
How many muscle layers does the stomach have?
```
3
Oblique
Circular
Longitudinal
(rest of GI tract only has circular and longitudinal)
```
69
Intrinsic factor is essential for the absorption of which vitamin?
Vitamin B12
70
Bile salts are essential for the absorption of which vitamin?
Vitamin K
71
What is the function of ghrelin and leptin?
Ghrelin - increases hunger
| Leptin - decreases hunger
72
Which blood vessel supplies the majority of blood to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein (approx. 75%)
73
Damage to what nerve leads to double vision?
Cn. 4 (trochlea)
74
Where is the only place in the body where you can find a double layer of stratified columnar cells?
Conjunctiva of eyelid
75
What is the typical length of a menstrual cycle?
21-35 days
76
Where would you find Reinke's crystalloids?
Leydig cells
77
Where is EPO produced?
Renal cortex
78
How many cells does a morula contain?
16
79
Which type of epithelium can you find lining the vas deferens?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
80
Which type of bone is most numerous in the human body?
Long bones
81
Order the different parts of the brachial plexus
```
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches
Read That Damn Cadaver Book
```
82
What nerve runs through the tarsal tunnel?
Tibial nerve
83
What is the notochord derived from, what does it become and where is it located?
Mesoderm
Becomes the intervertebral discs
Lies anterior to gut tube and posterior to neural tube
84
What does the neural tube become and how is it formed?
Becomes the brain, spinal cord and spine
| Pinching of the neural folds (part of the neuroectoderm)
85
Where are water soluble vitamins stored in the body?
They are NOT stored in the body
86
What are the 5 focal virtues of virtue ethics?
```
Compassion
Discernment
Trustworthiness
Integrity
Conscientiousness
```
87
Shifting the oxygen dissociation curve to the left?
INCREASED oxygen affinity
pH increase
Temperature decrease
88
Shifting the oxygen dissociation curve to the right?
DECREASED oxygen affinity
pH decrease
Temperature increase
