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American civil rights > 'I have a dream' > Flashcards

'I have a dream' Flashcards

1
Q

what was the ruling in Brown v Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas

A

Supreme Court ruled de jure segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional and a violation of the 14th amendment

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2
Q

how was the brown ruling important

A

set an important precedent as school segregation in the south had been maintained on the basis of the principle - ‘separate but equal’

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3
Q

which case established the principle ‘separate but equal’ and legitimised wider de jury segregation in the south

A

Plessy v Ferguson

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4
Q

what was the response of the south to the Brown ruling

A
  • by the end of 1956, not one public school in the south was integrated
  • southern white segregationists established the citizens council
  • 100 southern members of the US congress signed the southern manifesto
  • Mississippi governor, Ross Barnett, openly challenged the federal governments right to intervene in the south
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5
Q

what was Eisenhowers attitude towards integration

A

he was a gradualist and worried about going to fast with integration as he believed that change should be gradual

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6
Q

how did local whites react after the announcement of integration of Little Rock high school

A

a white mob formed outside the school and shouted threats at the black students

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7
Q

how did the state governor, Faubus, react to the integration of Little Rock

A
  • brought in the Arkansas army to block the black students from entering the school
  • Faubus used state troops to prevent enforcement of federal law
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8
Q

how did Faubus force Eisenhower’s hand when it came to federal government intervention

A

Faubus removed national guard (yet kept state police) which resulted in the mob of local whites being out of control

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9
Q

what did Eisenhower do in reaction to Faubus removing national guard at Little Rock

A

Eisenhower sent paratroopers of the 101st air borne division which were federal troops

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10
Q

how did the NAACP use the Cold War to publicise the cause of the Little Rock riot

A

NAACP played on the fear of the Soviet Union and communist sympathisers using racial discrimination to destabilise American society

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11
Q

in the following school year, what action did Faubus take to prevent integration and what was the wider impact in other southern states

A
  • he shut down all the schools in the state
  • this tactic was also used in Virginia which also shut down schools and called for the rejection of integration
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12
Q

who was chosen by the NAACP to begin the challenge to bus segregation and what did they do

A

Rosa Parks
she got herself deliberately arrested, triggering a black bus boycott of the city’s buses

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13
Q

who was the leader of the bus boycott campaign

A

Martin Luther King

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14
Q

what was the name of the organisation that formed to organise the boycott

A

Montgomery Improvement Association

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15
Q

how did MLK help the civil rights movement during the bus boycotts

A

his eloquence, respectability and political philosophy garnered protest nationwide media coverage and sympathy from black and white Americans across the country

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16
Q

what was the SCLC, when was it formed and who was its president

A
  • Souther Christian Leadership Conference
  • founded in 1957
  • King was its president
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17
Q

what was the main aim of the SCLC

A

to continue the fight for black American civil rights through non-violent means

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18
Q

what were the other aims of the SCLC

A
  • encourage all black Americans to seek justice
  • encourage the use of non-violent protests
  • encourage white Americans to participate in the organisation to bring change
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19
Q

how did the SCLC affect the south

A
  • spread across southern states
  • acted as an umbrella organisation, absorbing smaller civil rights groups
  • organised protests in the south
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20
Q

what were some key points of MLKs political philosophy

A
  • segregations immoral nature overrides its legality
  • black people must have the courage to stand up for themselves, despite the risks
  • meeting oppression with violence is counter-productive
  • non-violent protests exposes to society injustices of the political system
  • black people must not let racial prejudice lead them to develop racist attitudes towards whites
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21
Q

what happened with the Bus Boycotts

A
  • Dec 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat on a segregated bus in Montgomery
  • her arrest inspired black leaders to mount an one-day bus boycott
    -the one day boycott was extremely successful and so it continued
  • ministers persuaded MLK to lead the boycott
  • boycott lasted until Dec 1956
  • bus company suffered economically and violence erupted, especially with the Citizens council and KKK
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22
Q

what was the local outcome of the bus boycotts

A
  • 15th Nov 1956, the supreme court upheld the Browder v Gayle ruling that declared Montgomerys bus segregation laws to be unconstitutional
  • boycott ended and the bus system in Montgomery desegregated
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23
Q

why did black people feel aggravated at policies of department stores in southern States

A

black people were able to pay at department stores but not eat there

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24
Q

what institutions in the south become recruiting grounds for civil rights groups during the Greensboro sit-ins

A

workshops in non-violent activism, mostly students getting involved

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25
Q

what methods did protestors use to challenge segregated lunch counters

A

‘sit-ins’

26
Q

what was the reaction to the sit-ins of local law enforcement

A
  • the police did nothing to protect the students from the ‘gangs of tough’
  • they’d arrest a wave of students but then more students came
27
Q

what power did black residents of Nashville use to bring pressure on authorities during the Greensboro sit-ins

A
  • black merchants supplied food to jails
  • payed for bail money
  • Looby, a lawyer, went to court
  • black people didn’t go to stores and created a boycott in Nashville
28
Q

what was the local impact of the sit-ins

A

the disruption - particularly economic - caused lunch counters being quietly desegregated

29
Q

what was the wider impact of the sit-ins

A
  • sit in movement spread to 69 cities across the southern states
  • black communities organised economic boycotts of down-town stores
  • economic pressure on businesses caused many towns to desegregate
  • MLK was arrested and imprisoned for participating in a sit-in in Atlanta
  • Presidential candidate, JFK, used his influence to obtains MLKs release (led to him narrowly winning the election)
  • SNCC was founded and worked with SCLC organisers
30
Q

what was the SNCC and when was it formed

A

Student nonviolent coordinating committee formed in 1960

31
Q

what was Ella Baker, an SCLC organiser, concerned about

A

that the SCLC was out of touch with younger blacks who wanted the movement to make faster progress

32
Q

what happened in the Greensboro sit-ins

A
  • a group of black students staged a sit-in at a white only lunch counter in North Carolina. The sit-ins would soon spread across the south
  • stores responded by closing the counters and police arrested activists for disorderly conduct
33
Q

what were the facts of Boynton v Virginia 1960

A
  • Supreme Court banned segregation on interstate travel facilities
  • however the southern states widely ignored the ruling
34
Q

what were the facts of Morgan v Virginia

A
  • banned segregation on interstate transport itself
  • also widely ignored by the southern states
35
Q

what happened in Freedom rides 1961

A
  • CORE sent a mixed-race group of non-violent volunteers on bus trips from the north to the southern states
  • the freedom riders were met with violence
  • In Birmingham, a bus was met by Klansmen
  • outside Alabama, mobs bombed the bus and 12 passengers were hospitalised
36
Q

what was the purpose of the freedom rides

A

to prove the southern states were ignoring the law and to make JFK force them to comply

37
Q

what was the wider impact of the freedom rides

A
  • Rob Kennedy called in US Marshalls and the governor of Alabama was forced to dispatch the Alabama national guard to protect the riders
  • JFK got the interstate commerce commission to enforce the ban on segregation in interstate travel
  • in Mississippi, the riders encountered a heavy police presence and no violence but they were arrested (300 riders) in Jackson and sent to prison
38
Q

what was the crusade for citizenship

A

a voter registration drive from 1958 - 1960 that failed to double the number of black voters registered

39
Q

why did the crusade for citizenship fail

A
  • poor organisation
  • limited finances
40
Q

what two main organisations formed the Albany Movement in nov 1961

A
  • NAACP
  • SNCC
41
Q

what was the aim of the Albany movement

A

to end police brutality and all forms of racial segregation and discrimination in the city

42
Q

what did the Albany movement organise to do

A
  • mass meetings were called
  • protesters marched
43
Q

how many demonstrators were jailed by mid-December

A

600

44
Q

what was the role of Chief Pritchett

A
  • Pritchett realised that news media coverage of segregationist violence against non-violent activists turned many Americans against Jim Crow
  • so Pritchett had his officers show restraint and ordered them to not harm protesters
  • Pritchett scattered those arrested in Albany to jails throughout the surrounding counties
45
Q

why was King called to the Albany movement

A
  • because although more than 500 protestors were jailed, negations with city officials stalled.
  • King was hoped to help reinvigorate the movement
46
Q

after kings arrest, what did the city officials and the Albany movement leaders come to an agreement about

A

If King left, the city would…
- desegregate buses
- postpone trials
- return bond money
- set up a biracial committee

47
Q

what happened with the agreements after Kings departure

A

city didn’t uphold the agreements and so protests and arrests continued

48
Q

what were the failures of the Albany movement

A
  • King left in August 1962 with the movements goals unfulfilled
  • tensions emerged between civil rights groups. The more radical elements with the SNCC became increasingly aggrevated at Kings too gradual and moderate approach
49
Q

what was the importance of the Albany movement

A
  • created later campaigns to be more useful
  • helped inform the strategy for the campaign in Birmingham
50
Q

what was the wider impact of the Birmingham campaign

A
  • civil rights movements gained sympathy from many more moderate whites
  • images of police dogs being sent on children were broadcast nationwide and horrified the nation
  • images from Birmingham convinced JFK of the need to introduce more stringent civil rights legislation
  • later that year, JFK announced the civil rights bill
51
Q

when did Lyndon Johnson announce an ‘unconditional war on poverty’

A

in his first state of the union address in January 1964

52
Q

how many pieces of legislation was the war on poverty centred on

A

four pieces of legislation

53
Q

what were the four pieces of legislation and what did they do

A
  • economic opportunity act of 1964: established the job corps, the federal work study programme and other initiatives
  • food stamp act of 1964: made the food stamps programme permanent
  • social security act of 1965: created medicare and medicaid
  • elementary and secondary education act 1965: subside school districts
54
Q

what was the larger reform that the war on poverty was part of

A

‘the great society’

55
Q

how did the Americans involvement in the Vietnam war begin

A
  • viet-minh movement was led by Ho Chi Minh who established a communist gov in North Vietnam
  • US supported the establishment of an anti-communist gov in the south which eventually led to a civil war
  • by the mid 1960s, it was clear that south Vietnam wouldn’t be able to resist the North Vietnamese offensive without the assistance of American troops
56
Q

when did President Johnson deploy ground troops and what was the consequence

A
  • in 1965
  • it proved disastrous for his presidency
57
Q

what was the % in increase in defence spending between 1965-1968

A

60% increase in defence spending between 1965-1968

58
Q

when did MLK first speak out against the Vietnam war and why was it significant

A
  • spoke out against it in 1965
  • SCLC was opposed to any identification with the space movement against the war
59
Q

at what speech did MLK address the Vietnam war

A

speech at Riverside Church, NYC

60
Q

what did MLK say at the speech at Riverside Church, NYC

A
  • expressed sympathy for the Vietnamese communists
  • expressed support for other left-wing revolutionary movements
  • compared US tactic to the Nazi’s in WW2
  • claimed that US forces destroyed land and crops and killed women and children
61
Q

where did MLK become the main speaker and what was it an attempt at

A
  • at the spring mobilisation to end the war in Vietnam
  • attempt to align himself with the younger, more radical element of the black civil rights movement
62
Q

what were the consequences of MLK’s stance on the Vietnam war

A
  • alienated President Lyndon Johnson and his administration
  • two important black civil rights leaders condemned MLS’s position

American civil rights (11 decks)

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