Hypotheses and Variables

Question 1

What is a Hypothesis?

Answer 1

A hypothesis is a suggested explanation of a phenomenon (prediction) or a reasoned proposal suggesting a possible difference or correlation between a set of phenomena

Question 2

What is a Null Hypothesis?

Answer 2

Predicts any observed difference or relationship is due to chance.

For example: It is hypothesised that there will be no significant difference between male and female HR

Question 3

What is a Directional Hypothesis?

Answer 3

Also known as the experimental hypothesis, predicts the direction of results, so the IV will have an effect on the DV.

For example: It is hypothesised that men will have a significantly lower RHR than women.

Question 4

Define the term Independent Variable

Answer 4

IV is a variable which is manipulated by the researcher.

For example: Anxiety, physical training, training intensity

Question 5

Define the term Dependant Variable

Answer 5

The effect of the IV, which is measured by the researcher (outcome variable).

For example: Aerobic fitness, muscle strength, learning, performance

Question 6

Define the term Categorical Variable

Answer 6

Similar to an IV, however cannot be manipulated by the researcher. Can also be termed as the attribute variable. Participants posses it before the study.

For example: Age, Sex, Race, Athletic expertise

Question 7

Define the term Control Variable

Answer 7

A factor that could influence the results which is kept outside of the study.

For example: Age, sex, fitness level, environmental conditions.

Question 8

Define the term Extraneous Variable

Answer 8

A factor that could affect the relationship between the IV / Categorical / DV, but is not controlled.

For example: Environmental conditions in the field.