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Desperate attempt at learning endocrinology > Hypothalamus and pituitary gland > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland Flashcards

1
Q

What system integrates neural and endocrine control?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary system

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2
Q

What three major systems does the hypothalamic-pituitary system consist of?

A

1) Function of the anterior pituitary lobe which has a neuroendocrine system connected to an endocrine system by a portal circulation

2) Function of the posterior lobe which has a neurosecretory pathway

3) Function of the intermediate lobe which has a direct neural regulation of endocrine secretion

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3
Q

Where is hypothalamus situated?

A

Region in the diencephalon directly below the thalamus, in the floor of the third ventricle

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4
Q

2 major lobes of pituitary gland and where they are derived from:

A

-Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) - derived from brain
-Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) - derived from oral ectoderm of the embryo

-Pars intermedia, if present, is part of the anterior lobe

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5
Q

How does the connection between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary lobe work?

A

There is a hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system which allows releasing hormones to reach directly to pituitary gland without being diluted in the systemic circulation

(Primary portal plexus and secondary portal plexus)

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6
Q

How does the connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary lobe work?

A

Axons from neurons originating from hypothalamus extend into the posterior lobe where they release neurohormones into a capillary plexus.

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7
Q

Where are oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) synthesized?

A

Synthesized in hypothalamus after which they are moved to posterior pituitary lobe for storage. They are bound to small proteins: neurophysin I for oxytocin and neurophysin II for vasopressin.

Same axons that transport the hormones to pituitary, also trigger the release of hormone when needed.

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8
Q

How do oxytocin and vasopressin circulate?

A

Largely unbound which is why half life is only 5 mins

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9
Q

What does vasopressin (ADH) do?

A

Increases reabsorption of water in the kidneys (more aquaporins in tubular cells)

Increased water reabsorption –> reduction of osmolarity –> concentration and volume of urine decreses

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10
Q

What amount of change in osmolarity is sufficient to affect secretion of ADH?

A

1-2%

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11
Q

How does brain know when osmolarity has changed?

A

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

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12
Q

What changes trigger the release of ADH?

A

Change in osmolarity
Reduction in blood volume

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13
Q

Five cell types in anterior lobe:

A

Thyrotropes
Corticotropes
Somatotropes
Gonadotropes
Lactotopes

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14
Q

What do thyrotropes make?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotopin)

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15
Q

What do corticotropes make?

A

Adrenocoticotropic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin)

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16
Q

What do somatotropes make?

A

Growth hormone (GH)
Somatotropic hormone (STH)
Somatotropin

17
Q

What do gonadotropes make?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

18
Q

What do lactotropes make?

A

Prolactin (PL)

19
Q

What does TSH do?

A

Affects thyroid gland –> Release of T3 and T4 –> Increased metabolic rate

20
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Affects adrenal cortex –> release of cortisol –> metabolic actions; stress response

21
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

Affects liver –> IGF-1 secretion –> affects bone and soft tissues –> growth

Affects adipose tissue, muscle, liver –> metabolic actions

22
Q

What do LH and FSH do?

A

Affect gonads –> sex hormone secretion and gamete production

23
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Affects mammary glands –> breast growth and milk secretion

24
Q

What are 6 hypophysiotropic hormones (hormones that affect the release of hormones in pituitary)

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Somatostatin (SS, also known as growth hormone releasing inhibiting hormone, GIH)
Dopamine (DA, also know as prolactin release inhibiting hormon, PIH)

25
Q

What hormone stimulates FSH and LH release?

A

GnRH

26
Q

What hormone stimulates Growth hormone?

A

GHRH (+ Ghrelin!)

27
Q

What hormone decreases growth hormone release?

A

somatostatin - also called GHIH, growth hormone inhibiting hormone

28
Q

What hormone stimulates TSH release?

A

TRH

29
Q

What hormone decreases TSH secretion?

A

somatostatin

30
Q

What hormone stimulates prolactin release?

A

TRH

31
Q

What hormone inhibits prolactin secretion?

A

dopamine - also called PIH, Prolactin inhibiting hormone

32
Q

What hormone stimulates ACTH release?

A

CRH

33
Q

What hormones does the intermediate lobe produce and what cells are there?

A

Predominant cell type is melanotrope
Produces Melanocyte stimulating hormone

34
Q
A

Desperate attempt at learning endocrinology (11 decks)

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