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Block 4 Neuro > Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the median eminence?

A

anterior portion of infundibulum where hypothalamic neurons release regulatory factors carried by the portal vessels to anterior pituitary (“adenohypophysis”)

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2
Q

what are mammillary bodies?

A

paired structures that are functionally part of the limbic system

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3
Q

medial and lateral zones of the hypothalamus are separated by what ventrally and what dorsally?

A

ventrally: fornix
dorsally: mammillothalamic tract

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4
Q

name three major nuclei of lateral zone of hypothalamus, from anterior to posterior

A

lateral preoptic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, lateral tuberal (tuberomammillary) nucleus

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5
Q

function of lateral hypothalamic area

A
  • induces eating when stimulated
  • ablation causes anorexia and starvation
  • contain neurotransmitters that increase food intake
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6
Q

function of lateral tuberal (tuberomammillary) nucleus

A
  • releases histamine to forebrain

- involved in attention and arousal, actively inhibited during sleep

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7
Q

function of suprachiasmatic nucleus

A
  • circadian rhythmicity

- lesion causes insomnia

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8
Q

function of anterior hypothalamic nucleus

A
  • temperature regulation, sense warmth and dissipate excessive heat by activating parasympathetic nervous system
  • bilateral lesions –> hyperthermia
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9
Q

function of paraventricular nucleus

A

synthesis and release of AVP, oxytocin, CRH

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10
Q

function of supraoptic nucleus

A

synthesis of AVP and oxytocin

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11
Q

function of dorsomedial nucleus

A

blood pressure regulation

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12
Q

function of ventromedial nucleus

A

inhibits urge to eat, relays ingestion-related signals to brainstem

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13
Q

function of arcuate nucleus

A
  • controls release of adenohypophyseal hormones
  • produce hypothalamic-releasing and inhibiting factors
  • plays a role in feeding behavior
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14
Q

function of posterior nucleus

A
  • thermoregulation, sense cold and initiate heat conservation/production via sympathetic outflow
  • bilateral lesions –> poikilothermia (inability tor thermoregulate)
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15
Q

function of mammillary nucleus

A
  • receives input from hippocampus via fornix

- project to anterior nucleus of thalamus via mammillothalamic tract

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16
Q

fornix is a tract between what?

A

mammillary bodies and hippocampus

17
Q

mammilothalamic tract is a tract between what?

A

mammillary bodies and anterior nucleus of thalamus

18
Q

stria terminalis is a tract between what?

A

amygdala and hypothalamus

19
Q

medial forebrain bundle is a tract between what?

A

septal nuclei and brainstem

20
Q

supraopticohypophyseal tract is a tract between what?

A

hypothalamus and neurohypophysis

21
Q

tuberoinfundibular tract is a tract between what?

A

arcuate nucleus and hypophyseal portal system at the median eminence

22
Q

function of hypothalamospinal tract

A

regulate spinal cord preganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

23
Q

neuropeptides that signal increased feeding and concomitant decrease in metabolism

A

AgRP (agouti-related peptide) and neuropeptide Y

24
Q

neuropeptides that signal decreased feeding and concomitant increase in metabolism

A

alphaMSH and CART

25
Q

nucleus that acts as satiety center

A

NTS (nucleus of the solitary tract)

26
Q

ghrelin

A

hormone released from stomach prior to a meal to stimulate feeding

27
Q

PPY (polypeptide Y)

A

hormone released from GI tract immediately following a meal to inhibit feeding

28
Q

what does CCK release from the GI tract do?

A

produces satiety at the NTS level

29
Q

leptin

A

released by fat cells to signal a decrease in feeding (inhibits AgRP/NPY neurons and stimulates alphaMSH/CART neurons)

30
Q

orexin

A

hypothalamic hormone that induces feeding

31
Q

MCH (melanin-concentrating hormone)

A

hypothalamic hormone that induces feeding

32
Q

craniopharyngioma

A
  • pressure on optic chiasm –> bitemporal hemianopsia
  • pressure on hypothalamus –> hypothalamic syndrome (adiposity, diabetes insipidus, temperature regulation disturbances, somnolence)
33
Q

inability to form new memories is a sign of a lesion where?

A

posterior hypothalamic lesion involving mammillary bodies

34
Q

Klein-Levin syndrome

A
  • primarily in adolescent males
  • hypersomnolence
  • episodic compulsive eating
  • hypersexuality
  • decrease in dopaminergic tone

Block 4 Neuro (9 decks)

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