Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

3 zones of hypothalamus

A

periventricular, medial, lateral

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2
Q

lateral zone nuclei

A

lateral preoptic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, tuberomammillary nucleus

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3
Q

lateral preoptic nucleus

A

anterior portion, “telencephalic”

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4
Q

lateral hypothalamic area

A

feeding center (induces eating when stimulated), contains melanin-concentrating hormone, orexins

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5
Q

tuberomammillary (lateral tuberal) nucleus

A

release histamine as a neurotransmitter to forebrain (wakefulness, attention/arousal). inhibited during sleep

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6
Q

medial zone

A

preoptic, anterior (supraoptic), middle (tuberal), posterior (mammillary)

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7
Q

preoptic region

A

anterior. contains medial preoptic nucleus that regulates gonadotropin secretion. also contains interstitial nuclei, of one is sexually dimorphic

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8
Q

anterior (supraoptic) region

A

contains 4 nuclei: suprachiasmatic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus

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9
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

dorsal to optic chiasm, gets direct input from retina. circadian rhythm.

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10
Q

anterior hypothalamic nucleus

A

between suprachiasmatic and paraventricular nuclei. temperature regulation/heat dissipation. lesion = hyperthermia. also parasympathetic drive of ANS

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11
Q

paraventricular nucleus

A

arginine vasopressin, oxytocin, CRH. excitation to sympathetic preganglionic neurons

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12
Q

supraoptic nucleus

A

AVP, oxytocin. project to neurohypophysis, released into circulation.

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13
Q

middle (tuberal) region

A

dorsomedial nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, arculate nucleus

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14
Q

dorsomedial nucleus

A

BP regulation. stimulation = aggression

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15
Q

ventromedial nucleus

A

inhibits urge to eat. relays ingestion-related signals to brainstem. lesion = hyperphagia

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16
Q

arcuate nucleus

A

projections to median eminence and portal vessels, controls release/non-release of adenophypophyseal hormones. feeding behaviors.

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17
Q

posterior (mammillary) region

A

posterior nucleus, mammillary nucleus

18
Q

posterior nucleus

A

thermoregulation. lesion = inability to regulate (poikilothermia)

19
Q

mammillary nucleus

A

part of limbic system. input from hippocampus via fornix. project to anterior nucleus of thalamus via MTT. damage = memory disturbances. also get sensory input

20
Q

periventricular zone

A

contains periventricular nucleus. line walls of third ventricle. sort of part of medial zone nuclei.

21
Q

fornix tract

A

hippocampus to mammillary bodies

22
Q

mammillothalamic tract

A

from mammillary bodies to anterior nucleus of thalamus (part of Papez)

23
Q

stria terminalis

A

amygdala connected to medial zone of hypothalamus

24
Q

medial forebrain bundle

A

50 pathways. throughout entire lateral hypothalamic zone, from septal nuclei to brainstem

25
supraopticohypophyseal tract
from supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei to neurophypophysis (posterior pit). magnocellular axons, synth of AVP/oxytocin
26
tuberoinfundibular tract
from arcuate nucleus to hypophyseal portal system at median eminence. take neuropeptides made in hypothalamus to posterior pituitary, which then act on anterior pituitary cells
27
hypothalamospinal tract
descending axons regulate spinal cord preganglionic neurons from both ANS division. primarily from paraventricular nucleus. lesion = Horners
28
major regulatory functions of hypothalamus
body temperature, emergency responses to stress, feeding and energy metabolism, BP and electrolyte composition, reproductive functions
29
thermoregulation
anterior = warmth sensation, heat dissipation; posterior = cold sensitive, heat conservation
30
stress responsiveness
fight or flight. increases sympathetic, decreases parasympathetics. interconnections from many regions including amygdala and hippocampus
31
feeding and energy metabolism.
central role from arcuate nucleus. output integrated at NTS
32
agouti-related peptide and neuropeptide Y
signal increased feeding, decrease in metabolism
33
MSH (POMC) and CART
activation = decreased feeding, increased metabolism
34
ghrelin
stimulates feeding/food intake
35
PPY
inhibits feeding
36
leptin
released by fat cells, signals decrease in feeding (insulin is similar)
37
CCK
satiety
38
orexin and MCH
increase feeding
39
CRH re: stress and central oxytocin secretion
inhibit feeding
40
craniopharyngioma
congenital tumor in kids, grows up toward optic chiasm (pressure --> bitemporal hemianopia), hypothalamic syndrome (adiposity, diabetes, temp regulation issues, sleepiness)
41
memory disturbances
posterior hypothalamic lesions involving mammillary comples: inability to form new memories, eg korsakoff syndrome (thiamine deficiency, chronic EtOH)
42
klein-levin syndrome
adolescent males, hypothalamic lesion. compulsive eating, hypersomnolence, hypersexuality (may be from decrease in dopaminergic tone during symptomatic phase)