hypothalamus Flashcards
workshop 11
what is the area of lesion for wernike’s aphasia?
posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus and posterior language area
what is the spontaneous speech like in wernicke’s disease?
fluent
what is the comprehension like for wernicke’s aphasia?
poor
what is the repetition like for wernicke’s aphasia?
poor
what is the naming ability of wernicke’s aphasia?
poor
what is the area of lesion for pure word deafness?
wernicke’s area or its connection with primary auditory cortex
what is the spontaneous speech like for pure word deafness?
fluent
what is the comprehension like for pure word deafness?
poor
what is the repetition like for pure word deafness?
poor
what is naming like for pure word deafness?
good
what is the area of lesion for broca’s aphasia?
frontal coretx, rosteral to base of primary motor cortex
what is the spontaneous speech like for broca’s aphasia?
non-fluent
what is the comoprehension like for broca’s aphasia?
good
what is repetition like for broca’s aphasia?
poor
(may be better than spontaneous speech)
what is naming like for broca’s aphasia?
poor
what is the area of lesion for conductiuon aphasia?
white matter beneath partietal lobe, superior to lateral fissure (arcuate fasciculus)
what is the spontaneous speech like for condution aphasia?
fluent
what is comprehension like for conduction aphasia?
good
what is the repetition like for conduction aphasia?
poor
what is naming like for conduction aphasia?
good
what is the area of lesion for anomic aphasia?
various parts of partietal and temporal lobes
what is the spontaneous speech ability of anomic aphasia?
fluent
what is the comprehension ability of anomic aphasia?
good
what is the repetition ability of anomic aphasia?
good
what is the naming ability of anomic aphasia?
poor
what is the area of lesion for transcortical sensory aphasia?
posterior language area
what is the spontaneous speech ability for transcortical sensory aphasia?
fluent
what is teh communication abilitty for transcortical sensory aphasia?
poor
what is the repetition ability for transcortical sensory aphasia?
good
what is the naming ability for transcortical sensory aphasia?
poor
what is the diencephalon?
divisions of the forerbrain
what is the pituitary gfalns attached to?
hypothalamus via a stalk
what is the ventral part of the diencephalon?
hypothalamus
what is the midbrain part of?
the brainstem
what does the hindbrain include?
medulla, pons and cerebellum
where is the thalamus?
the top part of the diencephalon
what is the role of the lateral hypothalamus?
implicated in role of making someone hungry.
what is the role of the ventromedial hypothalaus?
VMO= represses hunger signals
what is the role of leptin?
inhibits the hypothalamus neurons that drive food intake and stimulates the neurone that supresses it.
what is the role of the 2 sets of neurons in tghe hypothalamus that are importnat in out hunger signals?
1: sensation of hunger produced by making and releasing certain proteins
2: inhibits hunger through its own set of compound
how many gastrointestinal hormones are involved in moderating our appetite?
20
what is the role of cholecystokinin in eating regulation?
produced in response to food by cells in the upper, small bowel. It also slows the movement of food from the stomach to intestines.
§ When reached by hypothalamus, causes a reduction in feeling of reward when food is eaten- Causes satiety.
Eat slowly= feel fuller than eating quickly (doesn’t have time to recognise fullness)
what is chemical is produced on an empty stomach?
ghrelin, that increases the activity of the hunger-causing nerve cells in the hypothalamus.
what is the importance of sleep?
essential to the restoration and recovery of vital bodily and mental functions (learning and memory)
how do sleep stage occur?
in cycles throughout the night
what is the difference between synchony and descynchory?
S= neurons fire together
D= neurons fire at different times
what happens during slow-wave sleep?
- EEG synchrony
- moderate muscle tonus
- slow or absent eye movement
- lack of genital activity
what happens during REM sleep?
- EEG desynchrony
- lack of muscle tonus
- rapid eye movements
- genital activity
- dreams
what waves measre sleep chnages in EEG scans?
alpha and theta waves
what is k-complex?
likely stimulate transitions between stages
Unlikely noises stimulate k-complexes.
Happen every minute in sleep
what areas are involved in REM sleep?
prefrontal cortex: low activity
extrastriate cortex: high activity
striate cortex: low activity
what are the charactristics of slow wave sleep?
Decreased activity in cortex except in visual and auditory cortices.
Decrease in activity of thalamus and cerebellum
what is sleep regulation?
- Decreased levels of brain glycogen result in higher levels of adenosine – a neuro modulator
- Sleep regulation through flip flop switch
○ Arousal centres either excited or inhibited by brain neurons - Build up of demesne (by product of insulin)- neuromodulator (stimulates activity of other areas)
○ Blocked by caffeine (antagonist- stimulates arousal, inhibits drowsiness)
Circuits of neurons produce neurotransmitters linked to levels of arousal and wakefulness…
- Sleep regulation through flip flop switch
what is the waking levels of adenosine?
increase with longer periods of wake
what are the slow wave sleep levels of adenosine?
low
what are the REM levels of adenosine?
low
what are the brain region contracting cell bodies of acetylcholine?
pons, basal forebrain, medial septum
what are the waking levels of acetylcholine?
high
what are the SWS levels of acetylcholine?
low
what are the REM levels of achetylcholine?
high
what are the brain regions containing cell bodies in the norepinephrine?
locus coeruleus
what are the waking levels of norepinephrine?
high
what are the SWS levels of norepinephrine?
low
what are the REM levels of norepinephrine?
low
what brain region containing cell bodies is sertonin in?
raphe nuclei
what are the waking levels of seretonin?
high
what are the SWS levels of seretonin?
decreasing
what are the REM levels of seretonin?
low
what are the brain regions containing cell bodies for histamine?
tuberomammilary nucleus
what are the waking levels of histamine?
high
what are the SWS levels of histamine?
low
what are the REM levels of histamine?
low
what brain region contains cell bopdies for orexin?
lateral hypothalamus
what are the waking levels of orexin?
high
what are the SWS levels of orexin?
low
what are the REM levels of orexin?
low
what is orexin?
key in the regulation of sleep (arousal centre)
In certain autoimmune diseases, these receptors are broken down, leading to sleep attacks.
how is sleep regulation both homeostatic and allostatic?
H= regulation of sleep
A= dependent on stress (can override the homeostatic need)
what is the role of the preoptic nucleus?
Area of preoptic nucleus centred. Controls arousal of neurons by supresses them- releases GABA (neurotransmitter)
what are circadian rhythms?
ZEITGEBER:
the physical, mental, and behavioral changes an organism experiences over a 24-hour cycle
stimulus that resets the biological clock
where is melanopsin found?
ganglion cells
what is the role of the suprachiamatic nucleus?
(connected to pineal gland)
When stimulated, it stimulates arousal centres and inhibits sleep neuron centre
