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hypothalamus Flashcards

workshop 11

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1
Q

what is the area of lesion for wernike’s aphasia?

A

posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus and posterior language area

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2
Q

what is the spontaneous speech like in wernicke’s disease?

A

fluent

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3
Q

what is the comprehension like for wernicke’s aphasia?

A

poor

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4
Q

what is the repetition like for wernicke’s aphasia?

A

poor

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5
Q

what is the naming ability of wernicke’s aphasia?

A

poor

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6
Q

what is the area of lesion for pure word deafness?

A

wernicke’s area or its connection with primary auditory cortex

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7
Q

what is the spontaneous speech like for pure word deafness?

A

fluent

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8
Q

what is the comprehension like for pure word deafness?

A

poor

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9
Q

what is the repetition like for pure word deafness?

A

poor

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10
Q

what is naming like for pure word deafness?

A

good

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11
Q

what is the area of lesion for broca’s aphasia?

A

frontal coretx, rosteral to base of primary motor cortex

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12
Q

what is the spontaneous speech like for broca’s aphasia?

A

non-fluent

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13
Q

what is the comoprehension like for broca’s aphasia?

A

good

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14
Q

what is repetition like for broca’s aphasia?

A

poor
(may be better than spontaneous speech)

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15
Q

what is naming like for broca’s aphasia?

A

poor

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16
Q

what is the area of lesion for conductiuon aphasia?

A

white matter beneath partietal lobe, superior to lateral fissure (arcuate fasciculus)

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17
Q

what is the spontaneous speech like for condution aphasia?

A

fluent

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18
Q

what is comprehension like for conduction aphasia?

A

good

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19
Q

what is the repetition like for conduction aphasia?

A

poor

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20
Q

what is naming like for conduction aphasia?

A

good

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21
Q

what is the area of lesion for anomic aphasia?

A

various parts of partietal and temporal lobes

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22
Q

what is the spontaneous speech ability of anomic aphasia?

A

fluent

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23
Q

what is the comprehension ability of anomic aphasia?

A

good

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24
Q

what is the repetition ability of anomic aphasia?

A

good

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25
Q

what is the naming ability of anomic aphasia?

A

poor

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26
Q

what is the area of lesion for transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

posterior language area

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27
Q

what is the spontaneous speech ability for transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

fluent

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28
Q

what is teh communication abilitty for transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

poor

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29
Q

what is the repetition ability for transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

good

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30
Q

what is the naming ability for transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

poor

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31
Q

what is the diencephalon?

A

divisions of the forerbrain

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32
Q

what is the pituitary gfalns attached to?

A

hypothalamus via a stalk

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33
Q

what is the ventral part of the diencephalon?

A

hypothalamus

34
Q

what is the midbrain part of?

A

the brainstem

35
Q

what does the hindbrain include?

A

medulla, pons and cerebellum

36
Q

where is the thalamus?

A

the top part of the diencephalon

37
Q

what is the role of the lateral hypothalamus?

A

implicated in role of making someone hungry.

38
Q

what is the role of the ventromedial hypothalaus?

A

VMO= represses hunger signals

39
Q

what is the role of leptin?

A

inhibits the hypothalamus neurons that drive food intake and stimulates the neurone that supresses it.

40
Q

what is the role of the 2 sets of neurons in tghe hypothalamus that are importnat in out hunger signals?

A

1: sensation of hunger produced by making and releasing certain proteins
2: inhibits hunger through its own set of compound

41
Q

how many gastrointestinal hormones are involved in moderating our appetite?

A

20

42
Q

what is the role of cholecystokinin in eating regulation?

A

produced in response to food by cells in the upper, small bowel. It also slows the movement of food from the stomach to intestines.
§ When reached by hypothalamus, causes a reduction in feeling of reward when food is eaten- Causes satiety.
Eat slowly= feel fuller than eating quickly (doesn’t have time to recognise fullness)

43
Q

what is chemical is produced on an empty stomach?

A

ghrelin, that increases the activity of the hunger-causing nerve cells in the hypothalamus.

44
Q

what is the importance of sleep?

A

essential to the restoration and recovery of vital bodily and mental functions (learning and memory)

45
Q

how do sleep stage occur?

A

in cycles throughout the night

46
Q

what is the difference between synchony and descynchory?

A

S= neurons fire together
D= neurons fire at different times

47
Q

what happens during slow-wave sleep?

A
  • EEG synchrony
  • moderate muscle tonus
  • slow or absent eye movement
  • lack of genital activity
48
Q

what happens during REM sleep?

A
  • EEG desynchrony
  • lack of muscle tonus
  • rapid eye movements
  • genital activity
  • dreams
49
Q

what waves measre sleep chnages in EEG scans?

A

alpha and theta waves

50
Q

what is k-complex?

A

likely stimulate transitions between stages
Unlikely noises stimulate k-complexes.
Happen every minute in sleep

51
Q

what areas are involved in REM sleep?

A

prefrontal cortex: low activity
extrastriate cortex: high activity
striate cortex: low activity

52
Q

what are the charactristics of slow wave sleep?

A

Decreased activity in cortex except in visual and auditory cortices.
Decrease in activity of thalamus and cerebellum

53
Q

what is sleep regulation?

A
  • Decreased levels of brain glycogen result in higher levels of adenosine – a neuro modulator
    • Sleep regulation through flip flop switch
      ○ Arousal centres either excited or inhibited by brain neurons
    • Build up of demesne (by product of insulin)- neuromodulator (stimulates activity of other areas)
      ○ Blocked by caffeine (antagonist- stimulates arousal, inhibits drowsiness)
      Circuits of neurons produce neurotransmitters linked to levels of arousal and wakefulness…
54
Q

what is the waking levels of adenosine?

A

increase with longer periods of wake

55
Q

what are the slow wave sleep levels of adenosine?

A

low

56
Q

what are the REM levels of adenosine?

A

low

57
Q

what are the brain region contracting cell bodies of acetylcholine?

A

pons, basal forebrain, medial septum

58
Q

what are the waking levels of acetylcholine?

A

high

59
Q

what are the SWS levels of acetylcholine?

A

low

60
Q

what are the REM levels of achetylcholine?

A

high

61
Q

what are the brain regions containing cell bodies in the norepinephrine?

A

locus coeruleus

62
Q

what are the waking levels of norepinephrine?

A

high

63
Q

what are the SWS levels of norepinephrine?

A

low

64
Q

what are the REM levels of norepinephrine?

A

low

65
Q

what brain region containing cell bodies is sertonin in?

A

raphe nuclei

66
Q

what are the waking levels of seretonin?

A

high

67
Q

what are the SWS levels of seretonin?

A

decreasing

68
Q

what are the REM levels of seretonin?

A

low

69
Q

what are the brain regions containing cell bodies for histamine?

A

tuberomammilary nucleus

70
Q

what are the waking levels of histamine?

A

high

71
Q

what are the SWS levels of histamine?

A

low

72
Q

what are the REM levels of histamine?

A

low

73
Q

what brain region contains cell bopdies for orexin?

A

lateral hypothalamus

74
Q

what are the waking levels of orexin?

A

high

75
Q

what are the SWS levels of orexin?

A

low

76
Q

what are the REM levels of orexin?

A

low

77
Q

what is orexin?

A

key in the regulation of sleep (arousal centre)
In certain autoimmune diseases, these receptors are broken down, leading to sleep attacks.

78
Q

how is sleep regulation both homeostatic and allostatic?

A

H= regulation of sleep
A= dependent on stress (can override the homeostatic need)

79
Q

what is the role of the preoptic nucleus?

A

Area of preoptic nucleus centred. Controls arousal of neurons by supresses them- releases GABA (neurotransmitter)

80
Q

what are circadian rhythms?

A

ZEITGEBER:
the physical, mental, and behavioral changes an organism experiences over a 24-hour cycle
stimulus that resets the biological clock

81
Q

where is melanopsin found?

A

ganglion cells

82
Q

what is the role of the suprachiamatic nucleus?

A

(connected to pineal gland)
When stimulated, it stimulates arousal centres and inhibits sleep neuron centre

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