Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endo/Repro Exam 1 > Hypothalamic Pituitary Relationships > Flashcards

Hypothalamic Pituitary Relationships Flashcards

1
Q
  • Why does a pituitary tumor lead to dizziness and vision problems?
A
  • Tumor, if large enough, can expand up into the brain and against optic nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • Supraoptic Nuclei (SO) from hypothalamus extending into posterior pituitary secrete _
  • Paraventricular Nuclei (PVN) from hypothalamus extending into posterior pituitary secrete _
A
  • ADH
  • Oxytocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?
  • What connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary? (both anatomically and vascularly?)
A
  • ACTH (Corticotrophs)
  • TSH (Thyrotroph)
  • FSH (Gonadotroph)
  • LH (Gonadotroph)
  • GH (Somatotroph)
  • Prolactin (Lactotroph/Mammotroph)
  • Connected anatomically via hypophysial stalk and connected vascularly via hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • Hypothalamic hormones are delivered to the pituitary _ and in _ concentrations
  • Hypothalamic hormones are _ in concentration in the systemic circulation
A
  • Directly, high concentration
  • Lower
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • Primary endocrine disorder
A
  • Low or high levels of hormone
  • D/t defect in peripheral endocrine gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • Secondary endocrine disorder
A
  • Low or high hormones
  • D/t defect in pituitary gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  • Tertiary endocrine disorder
A
  • Low or high levels of hormones
  • D/t problems in the hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • Different cell types in the hypothalamus are organized into families based on _ and _ morphology
    • ACTH family
    • TSH, FSH, and LH family
    • GH and Prolactin family
A
  • Structural and functional
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_ stimulates thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH

_ stimulates corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH

_ stimulates gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to secrete LH,FSH

_ stimulates somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary to secrete GH

_ inhibits somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary from secreting GH

_ stimulates lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary to secrete Prolactin

A
  • TRH
  • CRH
  • GnRH
  • GHRH
  • Somatostain
  • PIF (dopamine) AND TRH (elevated)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • Acromegaly
  • Pathophysiology
A
  • Excessive prolonged secretion of GH
  • Also have elevated levels of IGF-1 as a consequence of elevated GH
  • Increase in BGL
  • Excessive growth of soft tissue (chondrocytes)
  • Organomegaly and HTN can result
  • Gradually develops
  • Pathophysiology
    • Pituitary GH excess
    • Extrapituitary GH excess
    • GHRH excess
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • GH stimulates _ gene transcription and secretion by the liver
A
  • IGF-1 (somatomedin C)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • What inhibits GH release from the anterior pituitary?
  • What inhibits secretion of GHRH from the hypothalamus?
  • What stimulates GH release from the anterior pituitary?
  • What stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete somatostatin (SRIF)?
A
  • Somatomedins and Somatostatin
  • GHRH
  • GHRH
  • GH and somatomedins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • How is acromegaly diagnosed?
A
  • IGF-1 levels are elevated!! (Do not just rely on GH, because secretion of GH varies depending on the time of day)
  • Glucose load test (oral glucose tolerance test)-will show increase in GH release (normally should be lowered with increased BGL)
  • Pituitary mass seen on MRI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • Treatment for Acromegaly
A
  • Somatostatin analog/agonist
    • ​Octreotide
    • Lanreotide
  • Gh receptor antagonist
    • ​Pegvisomant
  • Dopamine receptor agonist (<25% effective)
    • ​Bromocriptine
    • Cabergoline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • GH is secreted from somatotrophs in a _ manner
  • Amount secretted each day is higher during _ than in younger children/adults
A

Pulsatile

Puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • Pathophysiology of GH deficiency
A
  • Decreased secretion of GHRH (hypothalamic issue)
  • Decreased GH secretion by anterior pituitary
  • Failure to generate somatomedins (effects of GH that are mediated by somatomedins would be impaired)
  • GH or somatomedin resistance
17
Q
  • Pathophysiology of GH excess
A
  • Usually d/t pituitary adenoma secreting excess GH
  • Before puberty: Gigantism
  • After puberty: Acromegaly increase in periosteral bone growth, organomegally, increase in extremity size, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance
18
Q
  • Metabolic functions of GH
A
  • Diabetogenic effect (increases BGL)
    • Causes insulin resistance
    • Decreases glucose uptake and utilization
    • Increases lipolysis in adipose tissue
    • Results in increase in Insulin levels (d/t increase in BGL)
  • Increase protein synthesis and organ growth (mediated by somatomedins)
    • ​Increase uptake of AAs
    • Stimulates synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins
  • Increased linear growth (mediated by somatomedins)
    • ​Stimulates synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein
    • Increased metabolism in cartilage forming cells
    • Chondrocyte proliferation
19
Q

_ is an important determinant of GH, IGF-1 and insulin levels

A
  • Nutritional status
20
Q
  • Hyperprolactinemia suppresses _ and _ secretion
  • How does this cause amenorrhea?
A

LH and FSH suppressed

  • Amenorrhea results b/c excess prolactin inhibits GnRH release from the hypothalamus, and inhibiting secretion of LH and FSH to ovaries
21
Q
  • How are pituitary adenomas classified?
A
  • Size
    • Micro < 1 cm, Macro > 1cm
  • Agressiveness
    • Most benign and slow growing
  • Hormone secretion
    • ​Functional: release active hormone in excess (usually)
      • Ex: Prolactinoma-hypogonadism and galactorrhea .
      • Cushings
      • Acromegaly, Gigantism
    • Clinically non functioning: do not release an active hormone
      • Ex: FSH or LH
22
Q
  • Causes of hypopituitarism
A
  • Brain damage
  • Pituitary tumors (if large, compresses pituitary and affects release of hormones-adenomas for ex)
  • Non-pituitary tumors
    • Ex: Craniopharyngioma-affects HP axis in kids
  • Infections
  • Infarction
    • Sheehan syndrome
  • AID
  • Pituitary hypoplasia/aplasia
  • Genetic causes
23
Q
  • Sheehan syndrome
A
  • Postpartum hypopituitarism d/t necrosis of pituitary gland
  • Agalactorrhea-can’t make breast milk
  • Amenorrhea
  • Some present with hypothyroidism
24
Q
  • Regulation of oxytocin secretion
A
25
Q
  • ADH secretion diagram summary
A
26
Q
  • What are the triggers of ADH secretion?
  • What cells sense these triggers?
  • Where do they send their information?
A
  • Low blood pressure-sensed by cardiac and aortic baroreceptors, sends signals via sensory neuron to hypothalamus
  • Decreased arterial stretch d/t low blood volume-sensed by atrial stretch receptors and sent via sensory neuron to hypothalamus
  • Increased plasma osmolarity sensed by hypothalamic receptors that communicate with rest of hypothalamus via interneurons
  • Also stimulated by angiotensin II, sympathetics, dehydration
27
Q

Secretion of ADH is most sensitive to changes in _

Overall actions of ADH?

How does it perform these actions?

A
  • Plasma osmolarity (as low as 1%)
  • Increase blood pressure
  • Increase blood volume
  • Acts on v1 receptors of blood vessels for vasoconstriction
  • Acts on v2 receptors (GPCR, cAMP, PKA) of kidneys and increases insertion of AQP 2s on apical surface of cortical collecting duct to increase H2O reabsorption
28
Q
  • Hypoosmolarity and hypervolemia _ release of ADH
  • Hyperosmolarity and hypovolemia _ release of ADH
A
  • Inhibit
  • Stimulate
29
Q
  • Control of ADH secretion by osmolarity and extracellular fluid volume
A
30
Q
  • Diabetes insipidus
A
  • Lack of ADH in collecting duct
  • Frequent urination
  • Large volumes of dilute urine
31
Q
  • Central versus neprhogenic diabetes insipidus
A
  • Central
    • ​Lack of ADH (decreased plasma ADH)
      • Damage to pituitary or hypothalamus
    • TREATABLE WITH DESMOPRESSIN
  • Nephrogenic
    • ​Kidneys unable to respond to ADH
      • Chronic disorders (PKD, sickle cell anemia)
      • Lithium use
    • NOT TREATABLE WITH DESMOPRESSIN
32
Q
  • How does the water deprivation test for DI work?
A
  • Patient is allowed fluids overnight
  • No fluids with breakfast
  • Weigh patient
  • Allow no fluid for 8 hr (evert 1-2 hr: weigh patient, measure pt urine osmolarity/volume; measure plasma osmolarity)
  • Administer Desmopressin
  • Measure urine plasma osmolarity, urine volume
33
Q

SIADH

A
  • Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
  • Excessive secretion of ADH
  • Excessive water retention
  • Hypoosmolarity fails to inhibit ADH release

Endo/Repro Exam 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions