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Endo/Repro Exam 1 > Histology of Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

Histology of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q
  • Endocrine versus Nervous System
A
  • Nervous:
    • Rapid communication
    • Short Lived Effects
  • Endocrine
    • Slower communication via release of hormones into blood
    • Longer Lasting Effects
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2
Q
  • What are the classes of hormones?
A
  • Peptide (largest class)
  • Biogenic Amines
  • Steroid Hormones
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3
Q
  • Biogenic amines: how are they made?
A
  • Small molecules made by altering the structure of a specific amino acid
  • EX: TH and Epi
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4
Q
  • What are the stimuli that control hormonal release?
A
  • Humoral
  • Neuronal
  • Hormonal
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5
Q
  • Humoral stimuli
A
  • Controlled by levels of ions and nutrients in blood/body fluids
  • EX: PTH stimulated by low Ca2+ levels
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6
Q
  • Neuronal stimuli
A
  • Release stimulated by nerve signals
  • EX: Epi from adrenal gland signaling release of Epi from Chromaffin Cells in adrenal medulla
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7
Q
  • Hormonal stimuli
A
  • Hormone secreted into the blood by another organ/cell causes release of hormone
    • Ex: TSH from pituitary stimulates TH release
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8
Q
  • Endocrine gland organization
A
  • Arranged as cords/follicles
  • Well vascularized
  • Vessels have fenestrated endothelium
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9
Q
  • Hypothalamus:
    • Primary site where CNS controlls endocrine function via _
    • Below hypothalamus and behind _
    • Surrounds _ ventricle
    • Function?
A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Optic chiasma
  • 3rd ventricle
  • Regulation of metabolic processes
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10
Q
  • Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
    • ​Connected to hypothalamus via _
    • Portioned into what parts?
A
  • Infundibulum
  • Anterior (adenohypophysis)
  • Posterior (neurohypophysis)
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11
Q
  • Direct targets of hypothalamic hormones
A
  • Anterior pituitary (releasing and inhibiting factors)
  • Kidney and ureters (ADH and oxytocin in posterior pituitary)
  • Adrenal medulla (sympathetic innervation)
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12
Q
  • Indirect targets of hypothalamic hormones
A
  • Tropic (releasing/inhibitory hormones)
  • Indirectly influences these organs via the anterior pituitary:
    • Thyroid gland
    • Adrenal cortex
    • Mammary gland
    • Gonads
    • Bone
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13
Q
  • Embryo
    • Formation of Rathke’s pouch occurs during which week?
    • Is located in its final position by which week?
    • Joins _ to form diencephalon
    • _ forms postetior pituitary and infuldibular stalk
    • Rathke’s pouch forms what part of the pituitary?
    • Which germ layer forms the pituitary?
A
  • Week 3
  • Wekk 8
  • Diverticulum
  • Infundibulum
  • Anterior
  • ECTODERM
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14
Q
  • The anterior pituitary is _ % of the pituitary gland
  • It receives signals from _ to secrete hormones into the bloodstream
  • The posterior pituitary contains _ from the hypothalamus that secrete what two products from the posterior pituitary?
A
  • 80%
  • hypothalamus
  • axons
  • ADH and oxytocin
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15
Q
  • Identify the various components of the pituitary gland
A
  • PD-pars distalis
  • PN-pars nervosa
  • PT=pars tuberalis
  • CT-cyst intermedia (remnant of lumen of Rathke’s pouch)
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16
Q
  • Major cell types in the anterior pituitary
A
  • Somatotropic cells (acidophilic)
  • Thyrotropic cells (basophilic)
  • Corticotropic cells (basophilic)
  • Gonadotropic cells (basophilic)
  • Mammotropic cells (acidophilic)
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17
Q
  • Function of somatropic cells
  • What color do they stain?
A
  • Secrete GH in response to GHRH
  • Acidophilic (lighter)
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18
Q
  • Function of thyrotropic cells
  • What color do they stain?
A
  • Secrete TSH
  • Basophilic
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19
Q
  • Function of corticotropic cells
  • What color do they stain?
A
  • Secrete ACTH-stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete stress related hormones and mediate metabolism
  • Secrete MSH-melanocytes to produce melanin
  • Basophilic
20
Q
  • Function of gonadotropic cells?
  • What color do they stain?
A
  • Secrete FSH and LH
  • Basophilic
21
Q
  • Function of mammotropic cells?
  • What color do they stain?
A
  • Secrete prolactin (stim milk production)
  • Acidophilic
22
Q

Identify the following structure

Clefts/Cysts are remnants of what structure?

A
  • Pars intermedia
  • Rathke’s pouch
23
Q
  • The pars nervosa is histologically similar to _
  • Contains _ that are expanded hypothalamic axon terminals
  • Responsible for the secretion of what two hormones?
A
  • Nerve tissue
  • Herring bodies
  • ADH and oxytocin
24
Q
  • The infundibulum suspends the _ from the hypothalamus
  • Neural portion connects _ to median eminence of hypothalamus
  • Adenohypophysis portion surrounds pars tuberalis enveloping _ stalk and consists of _ cells arranged in cords
A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pars Nervosa
  • Infundibular
  • Cuboidal
25
* Blood supply to the hypophysis is via a _ system
* Hypophyseal portal system * 2 capillary beds
26
* Hormones flow through the posterior pituitary via the _ tract * Functions of hormones secreted by posterior pituitary
* Hypothalamo-hypophyseal * **ADH** * **​Targets kidney to regulate Na+ and H2O retention** * **Oxytocin** * **​Uterine SM contraction** * **Lactation** * **Induces birth** * Pair/Social bonding
27
* ***Gigantism***
* Excess secretion of GH d/t hormone in anterior pituitary * If it occurs before growth plates close: * Individual grows extermely tall * If it occurs after growth plate closes: * Acromegaly (enlargement of extremities) * Enlargement of organs
28
* **Pineal gland** * **​**Where is it located? * Plays an important role in \_ * Constituents? * What does it synthesize?
* outpocketing of diencephalon's roof of the third ventricle * Circadian rhythms * Pinealocytes-make melatonin and serotonin * Neuroglia * Calcified granular material (radiogenic marker=brain sand) * Serotonin and melatonin
29
* Thyroid location and blood supply
* Inferior to larynx * Anterior to trachea * Blood supply: * Superior thyroid vessels-from external carotids * Inferior thyroid branches-from thyrocervical trunk
30
* What are the histological characteristics of the thyroid gland? * What is unique about the thyroid?
* Contains **follicles** with a layer of **follicular cells (simple cuboidal/simple columnar)** surrounding **colloid** fluid * **Colloid contains thyroglobulin (storage form of T3 and T4)** * Only gland to store hormones outside of the cell
31
* ***Thyroid hormone release mechanism***
* Before TSH: T3 and T4 bound to thyroglobulin and iodinated * TSH activats: * Internalization of thyroglobilun via endocytosis * Frees T3 and T4-released to basal surface into blood
32
* **Parafollicular C Cells** * ***From what embryological germ layer are these cells derived?***
* Next to follicles in thyroid goand * Secrete calcitonin (lowers plasma Ca2+ by..): * Stimulates excretion of Ca2+ by kidneys * Decreases Ca2+ releasing activity of osteoclasts * Increases osteogenesis by osteoblasts * **NCCs**
33
* ***Grave's disease***
* Abs stimulate TSH receptors * **Increased secretion of T3 and T4 from thyroid** * More common in women * Sx: * Elevated metabolism * Sweating * Rapid HR * Weight Loss * Eyeballs may protrude
34
* ***Hypothyroidism***
* Insufficient T3 and T4 production * Often an AID causing death of follicles in thyroid * Sx: * Low metabolic rate * Weight gain * Lethargy * Chilliness * Edema * Mental sluggishness
35
* ***Goiter***
* Thyroid enlargement d/t **iodine** deficiency * Follicular cells keep making thyroglobulin but can't iodinize it to make TH
36
* Parathyroid glands * What cell types are present? * What hormones do they release?
* Chief Cells and Oxyphil Cells * Chief Cells -release PTH (secreted during Ca2+ \<9.5-10.0; increases plasma Ca2+ levels back to normal) * Oxyphil cells- unknown fx (releated to aging? possibly old chief cells)
37
* ***Calcium Regulation by PTH***
* Calcium levels low (\<9.5) * Parathyroid releases PTH * **Stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release Ca2+ stores** * **Stimulates kidney to convert inactive form of Vitamin D to Calcitriol** * **Calcitriol increases Ca2+ absorption by intestines** * As blood Ca2+ levels increase, this feeds back to inhibit more PTH release
38
* ***The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the _ (what are the three layers?)*** * ***The inner layer of the adrenal gland is the \_*** * ***What hormones do each of these areas secrete?***
* Cortex: * Zona glomerulosa * Influence Na+ and K+ levels (salt) * **Aldosterone-**secreted in response to low BP/BV * Zona fasciculata * Influences glucose metabolism and immune system * **Release Cortisol under control of ACTH from anterior pituitary** * **​Cortisol** * **​**Deals with stress * Mediates glucose metabolism * Negative feedback to immune system * Zona reticularis * **Androgens-**influence secondary sex characteristics (some cortisol here too) * Medulla * **Epi and NE** *
39
* Label the following components of the adrenal gland * What hormones are secreted by 1-4
1. Zona glomerulosa-aldosterone 2. Zona fasciculata-Cortisol 3. Zona Reticularis-Androgens 4. Medulla-NE and EPI 5. Cortex 6. Medulla
40
* ***Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are targets of _ neurons*** * ***EPI cell characteristics*** * ***NE cell characteristics***
* Presynaptic sympathetic * EPI cells * Smaller w/ less e- dense granules * NE cells * Larger w/ more e-dense granules
41
* ***Addison's Disease***
* Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids * Causes: AID, inherited metabolic disease * BGL and Na+ levels drop * Hypotension * Fatigue * Loss of apetite
42
* ***Cushing's Syndrome***
* Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids * Causes: * ACTH secreting tumor in pituitary gland * Tumor in adrenal cortex * Sx: * High serum glucose levels * Protein loss in muscle * Muscle weakness * Lethargy * Swollen Face * Fat redistribution * Depression of immune responses
43
* ***Pancreatic endocrine cells are organized in \_*** * ***What cell types are present and what do they secrete?***
* Islets of Langerhans * **Alpha cells-glucagon**(when BGL are low; releases glucose from liver glycogen stores) * **Beta cells-insulin** (when BGL high; promotes glycogen storage and entry of glucose into cells) * **Delta cells-somatostatin** (Slows release of insulin and glucagon; stimulated by high levels of nutrients in the blood * **F cells-Pancreatic Polypeptide** (Inhibits release of somatostatin)
44
* Pancreatic blood supply
* Insuloacinar portal system * Acinar vascular system
45
* Other endocrine organs
* Gonads-estrogen, progesterone, testosterone * Heart-ANP * GI Tract-Peptides * Placenta-estrogen, progesterone, HCG * Kidney-renin, EPO * Skin-precursor of vitamin D

Endo/Repro Exam 1 (12 decks)

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