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Endo/Repro Exam 1 > Histology of Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

Histology of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q
  • Endocrine versus Nervous System
A
  • Nervous:
    • Rapid communication
    • Short Lived Effects
  • Endocrine
    • Slower communication via release of hormones into blood
    • Longer Lasting Effects
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2
Q
  • What are the classes of hormones?
A
  • Peptide (largest class)
  • Biogenic Amines
  • Steroid Hormones
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3
Q
  • Biogenic amines: how are they made?
A
  • Small molecules made by altering the structure of a specific amino acid
  • EX: TH and Epi
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4
Q
  • What are the stimuli that control hormonal release?
A
  • Humoral
  • Neuronal
  • Hormonal
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5
Q
  • Humoral stimuli
A
  • Controlled by levels of ions and nutrients in blood/body fluids
  • EX: PTH stimulated by low Ca2+ levels
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6
Q
  • Neuronal stimuli
A
  • Release stimulated by nerve signals
  • EX: Epi from adrenal gland signaling release of Epi from Chromaffin Cells in adrenal medulla
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7
Q
  • Hormonal stimuli
A
  • Hormone secreted into the blood by another organ/cell causes release of hormone
    • Ex: TSH from pituitary stimulates TH release
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8
Q
  • Endocrine gland organization
A
  • Arranged as cords/follicles
  • Well vascularized
  • Vessels have fenestrated endothelium
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9
Q
  • Hypothalamus:
    • Primary site where CNS controlls endocrine function via _
    • Below hypothalamus and behind _
    • Surrounds _ ventricle
    • Function?
A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Optic chiasma
  • 3rd ventricle
  • Regulation of metabolic processes
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10
Q
  • Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
    • ​Connected to hypothalamus via _
    • Portioned into what parts?
A
  • Infundibulum
  • Anterior (adenohypophysis)
  • Posterior (neurohypophysis)
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11
Q
  • Direct targets of hypothalamic hormones
A
  • Anterior pituitary (releasing and inhibiting factors)
  • Kidney and ureters (ADH and oxytocin in posterior pituitary)
  • Adrenal medulla (sympathetic innervation)
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12
Q
  • Indirect targets of hypothalamic hormones
A
  • Tropic (releasing/inhibitory hormones)
  • Indirectly influences these organs via the anterior pituitary:
    • Thyroid gland
    • Adrenal cortex
    • Mammary gland
    • Gonads
    • Bone
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13
Q
  • Embryo
    • Formation of Rathke’s pouch occurs during which week?
    • Is located in its final position by which week?
    • Joins _ to form diencephalon
    • _ forms postetior pituitary and infuldibular stalk
    • Rathke’s pouch forms what part of the pituitary?
    • Which germ layer forms the pituitary?
A
  • Week 3
  • Wekk 8
  • Diverticulum
  • Infundibulum
  • Anterior
  • ECTODERM
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14
Q
  • The anterior pituitary is _ % of the pituitary gland
  • It receives signals from _ to secrete hormones into the bloodstream
  • The posterior pituitary contains _ from the hypothalamus that secrete what two products from the posterior pituitary?
A
  • 80%
  • hypothalamus
  • axons
  • ADH and oxytocin
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15
Q
  • Identify the various components of the pituitary gland
A
  • PD-pars distalis
  • PN-pars nervosa
  • PT=pars tuberalis
  • CT-cyst intermedia (remnant of lumen of Rathke’s pouch)
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16
Q
  • Major cell types in the anterior pituitary
A
  • Somatotropic cells (acidophilic)
  • Thyrotropic cells (basophilic)
  • Corticotropic cells (basophilic)
  • Gonadotropic cells (basophilic)
  • Mammotropic cells (acidophilic)
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17
Q
  • Function of somatropic cells
  • What color do they stain?
A
  • Secrete GH in response to GHRH
  • Acidophilic (lighter)
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18
Q
  • Function of thyrotropic cells
  • What color do they stain?
A
  • Secrete TSH
  • Basophilic
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19
Q
  • Function of corticotropic cells
  • What color do they stain?
A
  • Secrete ACTH-stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete stress related hormones and mediate metabolism
  • Secrete MSH-melanocytes to produce melanin
  • Basophilic
20
Q
  • Function of gonadotropic cells?
  • What color do they stain?
A
  • Secrete FSH and LH
  • Basophilic
21
Q
  • Function of mammotropic cells?
  • What color do they stain?
A
  • Secrete prolactin (stim milk production)
  • Acidophilic
22
Q

Identify the following structure

Clefts/Cysts are remnants of what structure?

A
  • Pars intermedia
  • Rathke’s pouch
23
Q
  • The pars nervosa is histologically similar to _
  • Contains _ that are expanded hypothalamic axon terminals
  • Responsible for the secretion of what two hormones?
A
  • Nerve tissue
  • Herring bodies
  • ADH and oxytocin
24
Q
  • The infundibulum suspends the _ from the hypothalamus
  • Neural portion connects _ to median eminence of hypothalamus
  • Adenohypophysis portion surrounds pars tuberalis enveloping _ stalk and consists of _ cells arranged in cords
A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pars Nervosa
  • Infundibular
  • Cuboidal
25
Q
  • Blood supply to the hypophysis is via a _ system
A
  • Hypophyseal portal system
  • 2 capillary beds
26
Q
  • Hormones flow through the posterior pituitary via the _ tract
  • Functions of hormones secreted by posterior pituitary
A
  • Hypothalamo-hypophyseal
  • ADH
    • ​Targets kidney to regulate Na+ and H2O retention
  • Oxytocin
    • ​Uterine SM contraction
    • Lactation
    • Induces birth
    • Pair/Social bonding
27
Q
  • Gigantism
A
  • Excess secretion of GH d/t hormone in anterior pituitary
  • If it occurs before growth plates close:
    • Individual grows extermely tall
  • If it occurs after growth plate closes:
    • Acromegaly (enlargement of extremities)
    • Enlargement of organs
28
Q
  • Pineal gland
    • ​Where is it located?
    • Plays an important role in _
    • Constituents?
    • What does it synthesize?
A
  • outpocketing of diencephalon’s roof of the third ventricle
  • Circadian rhythms
  • Pinealocytes-make melatonin and serotonin
  • Neuroglia
  • Calcified granular material (radiogenic marker=brain sand)
  • Serotonin and melatonin
29
Q
  • Thyroid location and blood supply
A
  • Inferior to larynx
  • Anterior to trachea
  • Blood supply:
    • Superior thyroid vessels-from external carotids
    • Inferior thyroid branches-from thyrocervical trunk
30
Q
  • What are the histological characteristics of the thyroid gland?
  • What is unique about the thyroid?
A
  • Contains follicles with a layer of follicular cells (simple cuboidal/simple columnar) surrounding colloid fluid
  • Colloid contains thyroglobulin (storage form of T3 and T4)
  • Only gland to store hormones outside of the cell
31
Q
  • Thyroid hormone release mechanism
A
  • Before TSH: T3 and T4 bound to thyroglobulin and iodinated
  • TSH activats:
    • Internalization of thyroglobilun via endocytosis
    • Frees T3 and T4-released to basal surface into blood
32
Q
  • Parafollicular C Cells
  • From what embryological germ layer are these cells derived?
A
  • Next to follicles in thyroid goand
  • Secrete calcitonin (lowers plasma Ca2+ by..):
    • Stimulates excretion of Ca2+ by kidneys
    • Decreases Ca2+ releasing activity of osteoclasts
    • Increases osteogenesis by osteoblasts
    • NCCs
33
Q
  • Grave’s disease
A
  • Abs stimulate TSH receptors
  • Increased secretion of T3 and T4 from thyroid
  • More common in women
  • Sx:
    • Elevated metabolism
    • Sweating
    • Rapid HR
    • Weight Loss
    • Eyeballs may protrude
34
Q
  • Hypothyroidism
A
  • Insufficient T3 and T4 production
  • Often an AID causing death of follicles in thyroid
  • Sx:
    • Low metabolic rate
    • Weight gain
    • Lethargy
    • Chilliness
    • Edema
    • Mental sluggishness
35
Q
  • Goiter
A
  • Thyroid enlargement d/t iodine deficiency
  • Follicular cells keep making thyroglobulin but can’t iodinize it to make TH
36
Q
  • Parathyroid glands
    • What cell types are present?
    • What hormones do they release?
A
  • Chief Cells and Oxyphil Cells
  • Chief Cells -release PTH (secreted during Ca2+ <9.5-10.0; increases plasma Ca2+ levels back to normal)
  • Oxyphil cells- unknown fx (releated to aging? possibly old chief cells)
37
Q
  • Calcium Regulation by PTH
A
  • Calcium levels low (<9.5)
  • Parathyroid releases PTH
    • Stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release Ca2+ stores
    • Stimulates kidney to convert inactive form of Vitamin D to Calcitriol
    • Calcitriol increases Ca2+ absorption by intestines
  • As blood Ca2+ levels increase, this feeds back to inhibit more PTH release
38
Q
  • The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the _ (what are the three layers?)
  • The inner layer of the adrenal gland is the _
  • What hormones do each of these areas secrete?
A
  • Cortex:
    • Zona glomerulosa
      • Influence Na+ and K+ levels (salt)
      • Aldosterone-secreted in response to low BP/BV
    • Zona fasciculata
      • Influences glucose metabolism and immune system
      • Release Cortisol under control of ACTH from anterior pituitary
        • ​Cortisol
          • ​Deals with stress
          • Mediates glucose metabolism
          • Negative feedback to immune system
    • Zona reticularis
      • Androgens-influence secondary sex characteristics (some cortisol here too)
  • Medulla
    • Epi and NE
      *
39
Q
  • Label the following components of the adrenal gland
  • What hormones are secreted by 1-4
A
  1. Zona glomerulosa-aldosterone
  2. Zona fasciculata-Cortisol
  3. Zona Reticularis-Androgens
  4. Medulla-NE and EPI
  5. Cortex
  6. Medulla
40
Q
  • Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are targets of _ neurons
  • EPI cell characteristics
  • NE cell characteristics
A
  • Presynaptic sympathetic
  • EPI cells
    • Smaller w/ less e- dense granules
  • NE cells
    • Larger w/ more e-dense granules
41
Q
  • Addison’s Disease
A
  • Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
  • Causes: AID, inherited metabolic disease
  • BGL and Na+ levels drop
  • Hypotension
  • Fatigue
  • Loss of apetite
42
Q
  • Cushing’s Syndrome
A
  • Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids
  • Causes:
    • ACTH secreting tumor in pituitary gland
    • Tumor in adrenal cortex
  • Sx:
    • High serum glucose levels
    • Protein loss in muscle
    • Muscle weakness
    • Lethargy
    • Swollen Face
    • Fat redistribution
    • Depression of immune responses
43
Q
  • Pancreatic endocrine cells are organized in _
  • What cell types are present and what do they secrete?
A
  • Islets of Langerhans
  • Alpha cells-glucagon(when BGL are low; releases glucose from liver glycogen stores)
  • Beta cells-insulin (when BGL high; promotes glycogen storage and entry of glucose into cells)
  • Delta cells-somatostatin (Slows release of insulin and glucagon; stimulated by high levels of nutrients in the blood
  • F cells-Pancreatic Polypeptide (Inhibits release of somatostatin)
44
Q
  • Pancreatic blood supply
A
  • Insuloacinar portal system
  • Acinar vascular system
45
Q
  • Other endocrine organs
A
  • Gonads-estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
  • Heart-ANP
  • GI Tract-Peptides
  • Placenta-estrogen, progesterone, HCG
  • Kidney-renin, EPO
  • Skin-precursor of vitamin D

Endo/Repro Exam 1 (12 decks)

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