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Patient > Hypothalamic and Pituitary hormones > Flashcards

Hypothalamic and Pituitary hormones Flashcards

1
Q

where is the hypothalamus located?

A

just below the thalamus and above the brain stem

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2
Q

what is the hypothalamus important for

A

control of basic functions such as hunger, thirst, sleep

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3
Q

how does the hypothalamus regulate physiology?

A

senses the eternal and external environment, then gives out signals to regulate physiology to adapt to the changes

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4
Q

how big is the pituitary

A

size of a pea and weight 0.5g

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5
Q

where is the pituitary located?

A

sits in a small bony cavity, below the hypothalamus

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6
Q

how does the pituitary connect to the hypothalamus

A

via the infundibulum stalk

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7
Q

2 types of lobes in the pituitary?

A

anterior and posterior

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8
Q

what’s the difference between the anterior and posterior lobes?

A

connect to the hypothalamus in very different ways

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9
Q

what neurones are the anterior pituitary link?

A

parvicellular neurones

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10
Q

parvicellular neurones for anterior pituitary link:
size?
secrete?

A

small neurones in the hypothalamus

secrete regulatory hormones

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11
Q

what do the regulatory hormones secreted by the parvicellular neurones do?

A

go into the blood stream and travel through the portal system to the anterior pituitary lobe triggering secretion of other hormones

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12
Q

parvicellular neurones- what type of link?

HINT: not talking about anterior link here

A

circulatory system link

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13
Q

what neurones are the posterior pituitary link?

A

magnocellular neurones

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14
Q

Magnocellular neurones:
size and structure
located?

A

large neurones
hypothalamus
long axons that extend down to the posterior pituitary lobe

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15
Q

Magnocellular neurones: what type of link?

A

direct neuro-endocrine link

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16
Q

how does the hypothalamus exert control of the anterior pituitary?

A

secreting regulatory (releasing and inhibitory) hormones

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17
Q

does the anterior pituitary have a direct nervous connection with the hypothalamus?

A

NO

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18
Q

how does the anterior pituitary connect with the hypothalamus?

A

via the release of hormones into the portal system

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19
Q

how do hormones secreted by the hypothalamus reach target cells of the anterior pituitary

A

by hypothalamus-pituitary portal system

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20
Q

all the hormones produced by the hypothalamus and the pituitary are…… with the exception of….

A

peptides or small proteins

dopamine which is an amine

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21
Q

what Is prolactin releasing hormone?

A

we know all hormones have a regulatory hormone which causes the release, PRH is thought to be that but there’s no proof it exists- hypothetical hormone

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22
Q

what is prolactin inhibiting hormone?

A

we know this exists as its dopamine- released from the hypothalamus down the small parvicellular neurones

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23
Q

what is prolactin inhibiting hormone stopped?

A

in pregnancy to allow mammary gland development- as prolactin causes the development of mammary glands

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24
Q

thyrotropin releasing hormone:
where does it come from/ go to?
what does it stimulate?
effect?

A

from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary where it stimulates thyroid cells to release Thyroid stimulating hormone
effect: TSH goes into the blood and acts on the thyroid gland

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25
Q

corticotropin releasing hormone:
where does it come from/ go to?
stimulates the release of?
effects?

A

from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary where it stimulates the release of ACTH
Effect: adrenal cortex

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26
Q

Growth hormone releasing hormone:
stimulates?
effects?

A

release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary

growth and secretions of insulin like growth factors from the liver

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27
Q

growth hormone inhibiting hormone:
what is it?
released from?
effect?

A

somatostatin

released from hypothalamus to inhibit GH release from the anterior pituitary

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28
Q

gonadotrophin releasing hormone:
where does it come from/ go to?
stimulates?
effects?

A

from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary pituitary which releases FSH and LH.

effect: gonads for production of sex hormones

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29
Q

what does tropic mean?

A

it will act on another gland

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30
Q

hypothalamic regulatory hormones are secreted directly into the ______ ______

A

portal system aka the hypothalamic pituitary portal vein

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31
Q

what does the hypothalamic regulatory hormones cause?

A

causes cells in the anterior pituitary lobe to secrete other hormones

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32
Q

examples of glands which tropic hormones are going to have an effect on?

A

thyroid gland
adrenal cortex
gonads- male, female

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33
Q 
are the following tropic or non tropic: 
FSH 
LH 
ACTH 
TSH 
PRL 
GH
A 
FSH: tropic 
LH: tropic
ACTH : tropic 
TSH: tropic 
PRL: nt
GH: nt

FLAT: tropic
PIG: nt

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34
Q

FLAT regulates….. to produce….

A

the function of other primary endocrine glands to produce effector hormones

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35
Q

how are FSH and LH made

A

synthesised, stored and secreted from gonadotropes

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36
Q

effect of FSH

A

stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen and the testes to produce testosterone

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37
Q

effect of LH

A

ROLE IN OVULATION AND THE GROWTH OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM

stimulates androgen secretion by interstitial cells in the testes

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38
Q

ACTH (corticotropin) synthesised, stored and secreted from…..

A

corticotropes- cells in the anterior pituitary

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39
Q

what does ACTH do?

A

stimulates the adrenal gland cortex to produce corticosteroids such as aldosterone and cortisol

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40
Q

TSH

synthesised, stored and secreted from…..

A

the thyrotropes

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41
Q

TSH effect

A

stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones such as T3 and T4

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42
Q

What does HPT axis determine?

A

thyroxine secretion

43
Q

example of HPT axis

A

environmental influence e.g. low temperature
hypothalamus releases TRH into blood to the anterior pituitary
TSH released
goes to thyroid gland and releases T3 and T4
these go into body and effects body cells- increased metabolism for increased heat

44
Q

what type of feedback does T3 have?

A

short loop AND long loop

45
Q

explain T3’s short loop feedback?

A

cells detect t and directly decrease the release of TSH

46
Q

How many feedback loops does CRH and ACTH have?

A

3
short loop
long loop
ultra short loop

47
Q 
explain the CRH and ACTH 
short loop 
long loop
ultra short loop 
feedback mechanisms
A

cortisol short loop where it prevents the release of ACTH from the corticotrope cells
long feedback where it decreases CRH release
ultra short loop where CRH inhibits itself

48
Q

non tropic hormones
examples
act where?

A

prolactin and GH

act directly on other tissues

49
Q

prolactin structure?

A

198 amino acid

single chain polypeptide

50
Q

prolactin: were is it synthesised, stored and secreted?

A

lactotrope cells in the anterior pituitary

51
Q

roles and functions of prolactin

A

effects on breast tissues for lactation

52
Q

dysregulation of prolactin causes what problems

A

prolactinoma- tumour of the lactotrope cells in the pituitary

53
Q

how is prolactinoma treated?

A

using dopamine receptor agonists- dopamine is the inhibitory hormone

54
Q

GH structure

A

191- amino acids, single- chain

55
Q

GH: were is it synthesised, stored and secreted?

A

SOMATOTROPES IN THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY

56
Q

What does GH do?

A

stimulate growth, cell reproduction and regeneration

57
Q

what does hyper secretion of GH in children cause? what does the GH act on?

A

giantism

acts on the developing long bones making them very tall

58
Q

what does hyper secretion of GH cause in adults

A

acromegaly- after the long bones are already developed

59
Q

what is acromegaly

A

tumour of the pituitary: enlargement of head, hands, feet, lower jay, tongue and lips

60
Q

what does acromegaly cause?

A

sweating, headaches, visual field loss

61
Q

why does acromegaly cause visual field loss?

A

pressure on optic nerve from the tumour

62
Q

when treating acromegaly why are drugs preferred?

A

tumour of the pituitary- can be removed but its hard to get to

63
Q

what is somatostatin?

A

growth hormone INHIBITING hormone

64
Q

what is somatotropin

A

GROWTH HORMONE

65
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

regulates production of GH and affects cell proliferation and growth acting via somatostatin receptors

66
Q

_____ analogues of somatostatin have much longer half lives?

A

synthetic

67
Q

what can growth hormone deficiency be caused by?

A 
insufficient hormone production: 
hypothalamic or pituitary tumour 
crainiopharyngioma 
mutations of GH genes 
head injury or infection 
radiotherapy

GH resistance:
GH binding protein mutations
GH receptor mutations on tissues

68
Q

how does hypothalamic or pituitary tumour cause GH deficiency?

A

presses of infundibulum stalk which prevents signals getting from the hypothalamus to the pituitary and can prevent GH secretion

same for head injury or infection

69
Q

how many preparations of somatropin are available in the UK?

A

7

70
Q

how are these somatropins produced?

A

recombinant DNA technology

sequence identical to that of human GH protein

71
Q

what can vasopressin be used to treat?

A

pituitary diabetes insipidus by injection

72
Q

what can GNRH analogues be used to treat

A

induces FSH and LH so gonadorelin analogues can be used to treat endometriosis and infertility
i.v. injection

73
Q

what can protirelin be used to treat?

A

severe hypopituitarism

i.v. injection

74
Q

where do the magnocellular neurones start and end?

A

pass through the infundibulum and end in the posterior pituitary gland

75
Q

what do the magnocellular neurones synthesise and secrete?

A

oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)

76
Q

where are the oxytocin and vasopressin released in the magnocellular neurones. then where do they go?

A

at the axon terminals, where they diffuse into the capillary network of the posterior lobe the into the rest of the body

77
Q

do ADH and oxytocin go through the portal system?

A

NO, they go directly into the capillaries to the rest of the body

78
Q

TF:

supraoptic and paraventricular neurones will both secrete oxycontin and vasopressin

A

TRUE

79
Q

How does oxytocin differ from vasopressin?

A

in 2 of the 9 amino acids

vasopressin–> oxytocin
Phe–> Ile
Arg–>Leu

80
Q

functions of oxytocin?

A

stimulates milk ejection
stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction at birth
establishment of maternal behaviour

81
Q

does oxytocin stimulate milk PRODUCTION?

A

NO- only ejection

prolactin stimulates its production

82
Q

how is oxytocin produced in child birth?

A

pressure on the cervix activates the sensory nerves in the uterus which creates a reflex arc up to the hypothalamus to release oxytocin

83
Q

what happens once the oxytocin is released from the hypothalamus in child birth?

A

transported through capillaries to the uterus where it binds to receptors and causes the uterus to contract, pushes the baby down onto the cervix and starts the process again

84
Q

what can oxytocin be used for?

A

inducing labour- piocin

85
Q

what can be an issue of administering piocin to induce labour?

A

can reduce the blood supply to the baby if you give too much
this can cause cerebral palsy

86
Q

function of ADH?

A

Binds to receptors on cells in the collecting ducts of the kidney
Synthesis and insertion of aquaporins into kidney tubules
Promotes reabsorption of water back into the circulation via the aquaporin 2 channel

87
Q

what happens in the absence of vasopressin

A

the collecting ducts are virtually impermeable to water, which therefore flows out as urine and will reduce the water content of the blood

88
Q

what is diabetes insipidus caused by? hence what happens when you have it?

A

by absence of vasopressin

excessive urine production (>16L a day)

89
Q

2 types of diabetes insipidus?

A

hypothalamic (central)

nephrogenic

90
Q

which type of diabetes insipidus is hardest to treat

A

nephrogenic

91
Q

what is hypothalamic diabetes insipidus

A

deficiency in vasopressin secretion

92
Q

what’s hypothalamic diabetes caused by?

A

head trauma
infections
tumours of hypothalamus

93
Q

how can you treat hypothalamic diabetes insipidus

A

exogenous vasopressin

94
Q

what is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

when the kidney is insensitive to vasopressin

95
Q

what is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by?

A

renal disease

mutations in receptors- vasopressin receptor or gene for aquaporin 2

96
Q

how can you treat nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

increase water consumption

no drug treatment

97
Q

is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus life threatening?

A

no not if you keep up water

98
Q

what is the pineal gland located?

A

epithalamus between the 2 hemispheres- centre of the brain

99
Q

what secretes the hormone melatonin

A

pinealocytes- cells in the pineal gland

100
Q

what does melatonin help?

A

regulate circadian rhythm

101
Q

what is the circadian rhythm

A

governs a lot of our physiology

controls what happens at night and day

102
Q

how is melatonin secretion different between night and day? why?

A

production of melatonin is inhibited by light in the retina and permitted by darkness

103
Q

what can melatonin be used to treat?

A

seasonal affective disorder and insomnia

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