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Hypothalamic and Pituitary hormones Flashcards

1
Q

where is the hypothalamus located?

A

just below the thalamus and above the brain stem

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2
Q

what is the hypothalamus important for

A

control of basic functions such as hunger, thirst, sleep

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3
Q

how does the hypothalamus regulate physiology?

A

senses the eternal and external environment, then gives out signals to regulate physiology to adapt to the changes

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4
Q

how big is the pituitary

A

size of a pea and weight 0.5g

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5
Q

where is the pituitary located?

A

sits in a small bony cavity, below the hypothalamus

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6
Q

how does the pituitary connect to the hypothalamus

A

via the infundibulum stalk

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7
Q

2 types of lobes in the pituitary?

A

anterior and posterior

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8
Q

what’s the difference between the anterior and posterior lobes?

A

connect to the hypothalamus in very different ways

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9
Q

what neurones are the anterior pituitary link?

A

parvicellular neurones

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10
Q

parvicellular neurones for anterior pituitary link:
size?
secrete?

A

small neurones in the hypothalamus

secrete regulatory hormones

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11
Q

what do the regulatory hormones secreted by the parvicellular neurones do?

A

go into the blood stream and travel through the portal system to the anterior pituitary lobe triggering secretion of other hormones

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12
Q

parvicellular neurones- what type of link?

HINT: not talking about anterior link here

A

circulatory system link

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13
Q

what neurones are the posterior pituitary link?

A

magnocellular neurones

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14
Q

Magnocellular neurones:
size and structure
located?

A

large neurones
hypothalamus
long axons that extend down to the posterior pituitary lobe

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15
Q

Magnocellular neurones: what type of link?

A

direct neuro-endocrine link

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16
Q

how does the hypothalamus exert control of the anterior pituitary?

A

secreting regulatory (releasing and inhibitory) hormones

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17
Q

does the anterior pituitary have a direct nervous connection with the hypothalamus?

A

NO

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18
Q

how does the anterior pituitary connect with the hypothalamus?

A

via the release of hormones into the portal system

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19
Q

how do hormones secreted by the hypothalamus reach target cells of the anterior pituitary

A

by hypothalamus-pituitary portal system

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20
Q

all the hormones produced by the hypothalamus and the pituitary are…… with the exception of….

A

peptides or small proteins

dopamine which is an amine

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21
Q

what Is prolactin releasing hormone?

A

we know all hormones have a regulatory hormone which causes the release, PRH is thought to be that but there’s no proof it exists- hypothetical hormone

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22
Q

what is prolactin inhibiting hormone?

A

we know this exists as its dopamine- released from the hypothalamus down the small parvicellular neurones

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23
Q

what is prolactin inhibiting hormone stopped?

A

in pregnancy to allow mammary gland development- as prolactin causes the development of mammary glands

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24
Q

thyrotropin releasing hormone:
where does it come from/ go to?
what does it stimulate?
effect?

A

from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary where it stimulates thyroid cells to release Thyroid stimulating hormone
effect: TSH goes into the blood and acts on the thyroid gland

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25
corticotropin releasing hormone: where does it come from/ go to? stimulates the release of? effects?
from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary where it stimulates the release of ACTH Effect: adrenal cortex
26
Growth hormone releasing hormone: stimulates? effects?
release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary growth and secretions of insulin like growth factors from the liver
27
growth hormone inhibiting hormone: what is it? released from? effect?
somatostatin | released from hypothalamus to inhibit GH release from the anterior pituitary
28
gonadotrophin releasing hormone: where does it come from/ go to? stimulates? effects?
from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary pituitary which releases FSH and LH. effect: gonads for production of sex hormones
29
what does tropic mean?
it will act on another gland
30
hypothalamic regulatory hormones are secreted directly into the ______ ______
portal system aka the hypothalamic pituitary portal vein
31
what does the hypothalamic regulatory hormones cause?
causes cells in the anterior pituitary lobe to secrete other hormones
32
examples of glands which tropic hormones are going to have an effect on?
thyroid gland adrenal cortex gonads- male, female
33
``` are the following tropic or non tropic: FSH LH ACTH TSH PRL GH ```
``` FSH: tropic LH: tropic ACTH : tropic TSH: tropic PRL: nt GH: nt ``` FLAT: tropic PIG: nt
34
FLAT regulates..... to produce....
the function of other primary endocrine glands to produce effector hormones
35
how are FSH and LH made
synthesised, stored and secreted from gonadotropes
36
effect of FSH
stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen and the testes to produce testosterone
37
effect of LH
ROLE IN OVULATION AND THE GROWTH OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM stimulates androgen secretion by interstitial cells in the testes
38
ACTH (corticotropin) synthesised, stored and secreted from.....
corticotropes- cells in the anterior pituitary
39
what does ACTH do?
stimulates the adrenal gland cortex to produce corticosteroids such as aldosterone and cortisol
40
TSH | synthesised, stored and secreted from.....
the thyrotropes
41
TSH effect
stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones such as T3 and T4
42
What does HPT axis determine?
thyroxine secretion
43
example of HPT axis
environmental influence e.g. low temperature hypothalamus releases TRH into blood to the anterior pituitary TSH released goes to thyroid gland and releases T3 and T4 these go into body and effects body cells- increased metabolism for increased heat
44
what type of feedback does T3 have?
short loop AND long loop
45
explain T3's short loop feedback?
cells detect t and directly decrease the release of TSH
46
How many feedback loops does CRH and ACTH have?
3 short loop long loop ultra short loop
47
``` explain the CRH and ACTH short loop long loop ultra short loop feedback mechanisms ```
cortisol short loop where it prevents the release of ACTH from the corticotrope cells long feedback where it decreases CRH release ultra short loop where CRH inhibits itself
48
non tropic hormones examples act where?
prolactin and GH | act directly on other tissues
49
prolactin structure?
198 amino acid | single chain polypeptide
50
prolactin: were is it synthesised, stored and secreted?
lactotrope cells in the anterior pituitary
51
roles and functions of prolactin
effects on breast tissues for lactation
52
dysregulation of prolactin causes what problems
prolactinoma- tumour of the lactotrope cells in the pituitary
53
how is prolactinoma treated?
using dopamine receptor agonists- dopamine is the inhibitory hormone
54
GH structure
191- amino acids, single- chain
55
GH: were is it synthesised, stored and secreted?
SOMATOTROPES IN THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY
56
What does GH do?
stimulate growth, cell reproduction and regeneration
57
what does hyper secretion of GH in children cause? what does the GH act on?
giantism | acts on the developing long bones making them very tall
58
what does hyper secretion of GH cause in adults
acromegaly- after the long bones are already developed
59
what is acromegaly
tumour of the pituitary: enlargement of head, hands, feet, lower jay, tongue and lips
60
what does acromegaly cause?
sweating, headaches, visual field loss
61
why does acromegaly cause visual field loss?
pressure on optic nerve from the tumour
62
when treating acromegaly why are drugs preferred?
tumour of the pituitary- can be removed but its hard to get to
63
what is somatostatin?
growth hormone INHIBITING hormone
64
what is somatotropin
GROWTH HORMONE
65
What does somatostatin do?
regulates production of GH and affects cell proliferation and growth acting via somatostatin receptors
66
_____ analogues of somatostatin have much longer half lives?
synthetic
67
what can growth hormone deficiency be caused by?
``` insufficient hormone production: hypothalamic or pituitary tumour crainiopharyngioma mutations of GH genes head injury or infection radiotherapy ``` GH resistance: GH binding protein mutations GH receptor mutations on tissues
68
how does hypothalamic or pituitary tumour cause GH deficiency?
presses of infundibulum stalk which prevents signals getting from the hypothalamus to the pituitary and can prevent GH secretion same for head injury or infection
69
how many preparations of somatropin are available in the UK?
7
70
how are these somatropins produced?
recombinant DNA technology | sequence identical to that of human GH protein
71
what can vasopressin be used to treat?
pituitary diabetes insipidus by injection
72
what can GNRH analogues be used to treat
induces FSH and LH so gonadorelin analogues can be used to treat endometriosis and infertility i.v. injection
73
what can protirelin be used to treat?
severe hypopituitarism | i.v. injection
74
where do the magnocellular neurones start and end?
pass through the infundibulum and end in the posterior pituitary gland
75
what do the magnocellular neurones synthesise and secrete?
oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)
76
where are the oxytocin and vasopressin released in the magnocellular neurones. then where do they go?
at the axon terminals, where they diffuse into the capillary network of the posterior lobe the into the rest of the body
77
do ADH and oxytocin go through the portal system?
NO, they go directly into the capillaries to the rest of the body
78
TF: | supraoptic and paraventricular neurones will both secrete oxycontin and vasopressin
TRUE
79
How does oxytocin differ from vasopressin?
in 2 of the 9 amino acids vasopressin--> oxytocin Phe--> Ile Arg-->Leu
80
functions of oxytocin?
stimulates milk ejection stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction at birth establishment of maternal behaviour
81
does oxytocin stimulate milk PRODUCTION?
NO- only ejection | prolactin stimulates its production
82
how is oxytocin produced in child birth?
pressure on the cervix activates the sensory nerves in the uterus which creates a reflex arc up to the hypothalamus to release oxytocin
83
what happens once the oxytocin is released from the hypothalamus in child birth?
transported through capillaries to the uterus where it binds to receptors and causes the uterus to contract, pushes the baby down onto the cervix and starts the process again
84
what can oxytocin be used for?
inducing labour- piocin
85
what can be an issue of administering piocin to induce labour?
can reduce the blood supply to the baby if you give too much this can cause cerebral palsy
86
function of ADH?
Binds to receptors on cells in the collecting ducts of the kidney Synthesis and insertion of aquaporins into kidney tubules Promotes reabsorption of water back into the circulation via the aquaporin 2 channel
87
what happens in the absence of vasopressin
the collecting ducts are virtually impermeable to water, which therefore flows out as urine and will reduce the water content of the blood
88
what is diabetes insipidus caused by? hence what happens when you have it?
by absence of vasopressin excessive urine production (>16L a day)
89
2 types of diabetes insipidus?
hypothalamic (central) | nephrogenic
90
which type of diabetes insipidus is hardest to treat
nephrogenic
91
what is hypothalamic diabetes insipidus
deficiency in vasopressin secretion
92
what's hypothalamic diabetes caused by?
head trauma infections tumours of hypothalamus
93
how can you treat hypothalamic diabetes insipidus
exogenous vasopressin
94
what is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
when the kidney is insensitive to vasopressin
95
what is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by?
renal disease | mutations in receptors- vasopressin receptor or gene for aquaporin 2
96
how can you treat nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
increase water consumption | no drug treatment
97
is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus life threatening?
no not if you keep up water
98
what is the pineal gland located?
epithalamus between the 2 hemispheres- centre of the brain
99
what secretes the hormone melatonin
pinealocytes- cells in the pineal gland
100
what does melatonin help?
regulate circadian rhythm
101
what is the circadian rhythm
governs a lot of our physiology | controls what happens at night and day
102
how is melatonin secretion different between night and day? why?
production of melatonin is inhibited by light in the retina and permitted by darkness
103
what can melatonin be used to treat?
seasonal affective disorder and insomnia

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