Endocrinology and hormones

Question 1

___% of UK has diabetes

Answer 1

6

Question 2

how does the endocrine system work?

Answer 2

uses chemical messengers called hormones for long distance communication between endocrine organs and their target cells

Question 3

name the types of endocrine organs

Answer 3

• primary

- secondary

Question 4

difference between primary and secondary organs?

Answer 4

primary- primary function is to secrete hormones

secondary- have a non-endocrine primary function

Question 5

examples of primary endocrine organs?

Answer 5

pineal
hypothalamus 
pituitary 
thyroid
adrenal 
ovaires
placenta

Question 6

secondary endocrine organs examples?

Answer 6

heart 
stomach 
liver
kidney 
SI
skin/ fat

Question 7

what is the pituitary gland made of? how do they differ?

Answer 7

posterior and anterior

communicate with hypothalamus very differently

Question 8

where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 8

neck region, below larynx

Question 9

what does the thyroid gland produce?

Answer 9

hormones T3 and T4

calcitonin

Question 10

what do hormones T3 and 4 do?

Answer 10

regulates metabolism

Question 11

what does calcitonin do?

Answer 11

produces parathyroid hormone

Question 12

where is the parathyroid located?

Answer 12

sits behind the thyroid gland

its very small

Question 13

when is parathyroid hormone released?

Answer 13

when levels of thyroid hormone are dropped to levels where you’re symptomatic

Question 14

where is the thymus located?

Answer 14

near the heart

Question 15

what is the thymus critical for? why?

Answer 15

immune function

as T-lymps mature in the thymus

Question 16

what hormone stimulates the activity of T cells and antibody production in bone marrow? where is this produced?

Answer 16

thymosin

thymus

Question 17

what is the most common thymus disease?

Answer 17

myasthenia gravis

Question 18

how does myasthenia gravis arise?

Answer 18

overproduction of antibodies directed towards the nAchR at the neuromuscular junction. causes muscles to become weak and easily tired. autoimmune disease

Question 19

what response are digestive enzymes produced from? where from?

Answer 19

exocrine

ducts in the pancreas

Question 20

is the pancreas an endo or exocrine organ?

Answer 20

vast majority is exocrine, 1% is endocrine

Question 21

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 21

produce: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, ghrelin

Question 22

when is ghrelin released?

Answer 22

when hungry

Question 23

3 groups of endocrine disorders?

Answer 23

hyposecretion
hypersecretion
tumours- malignant or benign

Question 24

examples of hypersecretion disorders?

Answer 24

Addisons- from adrenal cortex
hyperinsulinism
graves disease
cushings disease- steroid hormone condition
congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 25

what’s congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 25

baby can’t produce cortisol and switch off production of other hormones

Question 26

examples of hyposecretion disorders

Answer 26

type 1 and 2 diabetes

hypothyroidism

Question 27

where are adrenal glands situated?

Answer 27

top of the kidneys

Question 28

what are the adrenal glands mostly responsible for?

Answer 28

releasing hormones in response to stress

Question 29

2 distinct regions of adrenal glands

Answer 29

central

outer

Question 30

what hormones are produced in the central regions?

Answer 30

adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 31

what hormones are produced in the outer regions?

Answer 31

steroids e.g. cortisol

Question 32

what does cortisol effect?

Answer 32

steroid synthesis

stress reducing hormone

Question 33

cortisol has a ______ effect on steroid synthesis

Answer 33

negative

Question 34

what hormone does anxiety release?

Answer 34

corticotropic releasing hormone

Question 35

what does corticotropic releasing hormone lead to?

Answer 35

production of cortisol which is a stress REDUCING hormone

Question 36

what does cortisol then do in this negative feedback loop?

Answer 36

feeds back and inhibits the anterior pituitaries production of ACTH and the hypothalamus production of CRH

Question 37

Where are ovaries located?

Answer 37

pelvic cavity

Question 38

what are ovaries regulated by?

Answer 38

FSH

LH

Question 39

where are FSH and LH produced from?

Answer 39

the anterior pituitary

Question 40

where are testes located?

Answer 40

in the scrotum

Question 41

primary function of tested?

Answer 41

spermatogenesis and production of androgens e.g. testosterone

Question 42

what are the testes regulated by?

Answer 42

FSH and LH

Question 43

what is the role of the placenta?

Answer 43

links developing fetes to the material uterine wall

facilitates nutrient uptake, removal of waste and gas exchange via maternal blood supply

Question 44

endocrine functions of the placenta?

Answer 44

steroid hormones: oestrogen, progesterone
protein hormones: chorionic gonadotropin
corticotropin releasing hormone
placental lactogenic

Question 45

what is the largest endocrine organ?

Answer 45

GIT- 30 hormones!

Question 46

where is atrial natriuretic peptide released? what’s its effect?

Answer 46

the heart
stimulates kidney to secrete more salt, therefore decreases excess blood volume, combating high BP and high blood sodium concentration

Question 47

effect of erythropoietin?

Answer 47

signals bone marrow to increase RBC production

Question 48

where is renin secreted? what’s its effect?

Answer 48

juxtaglomerular cells

indirectly signals adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone