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Patient > Hormones structure and function > Flashcards

Hormones structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

Put these in order of size (smallest to largest):

Insulin, growth hormone, ADH

A

ADH, insulin, GH

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2
Q

how do steroid hormones reach their target?

A

lipid soluble, carried in blood and reach target, passively cross the targets membrane

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3
Q

how do water soluble hormones reach the target

A

need to interact with cell surface receptors

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4
Q

what determines how a cell responds to a hormone?

A

type of cell receptor

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5
Q

where are hormones released from?

A

secretary gland or cell

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6
Q

3 types of responses a hormone can make?

A

endocrine
paracrine
autocrine

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7
Q

what is an endocrine response?

A

delivered when the target cell is some distance from the secretory cells

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8
Q

example of an endocrine gland

A

pituitary gland

adrenal gland

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9
Q

what is a paracrine response

A

target is close to the secretory cell

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10
Q

example of a paracrine response

A

Islets of Langerhan in the pancreas- unlikely the hormone even reaches the blood here

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11
Q

what is an autocrine response

A

released from secretory cell and has an effect of itself

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12
Q

example of an autocrine response

A

beta cell releases insulin which has an effect on alphas and betas

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13
Q

what does the effects of hormones depend on? example?

A

the cell and tissue type- adrenaline causes relaxation in some blood vessels and contraction on others

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14
Q

small chemicals/ modified amino acids examples,

A

dopamine, adrenaline

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15
Q

peptides range and example

A

generally in the range of 3-20 amino acids

endorphin

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16
Q

if >20 amino acids?

A

becomes a small protein

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17
Q

examples of complex chemicals?

A

lipid derived steroids
testosterone
cortisol

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18
Q

where are oxytocin and ADH produced?

A

posterior pituitary

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19
Q

differences and similarities between oxycontin and ADH?

A

Both 9 amino acids long

differs only 2 positions (ADH: Phe and Arg, Oxy: Ile and Leu)

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20
Q

which of changes in amino acids between Oxytocin and ADH makes a difference

A

Ile–> Phe has little effect

Leu–> Arg has a lot as it changes the charge which changes the structure

21
Q

what can this similarity cause?

A

cross reactions. oxycontin has a slight anti-diuretic effect
ADH at high levels can cause uterine contractions

22
Q

where is GH and prolactin produced?

A

anterior pituitary

23
Q

what is a growth hormone?

A

stimulates growth, cell division and regeneration.

24
Q

GH is a ______. which means.

A

mitogen- stimulates mitosis

25
Q

is GH always a mitogen?

A

no, specific to certain cells

26
Q

Prolactin size?

A

198 residue- protein (23kDa)

27
Q

prolactin has properties and function resembling which 2 things?

A

a hormone and a cytokine- which stimulates growth

28
Q

where are follicle stimulating hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone produced?

A

anterior pituitary

29
Q

what are the structures off follicle stimulating hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

hetero-dimeric structures- both parts bind but only one part induces physiological function

30
Q

which subunit interacts and what is the purpose of the other SU for FSH and thyroid stimulating hormone

A

alpha interacts

beta is there for shape recognition

31
Q

where does TSH bind

A

TSH receptors in thyroid cells

32
Q

where does FSH bind

A

FSH receptors in ovarian cells

33
Q

where is insulin produced?

A

pancreas

34
Q

how is insulin held together

A

hetero dimer

disulphide bridges bind chains together

35
Q

structure of insulin

A

monomer which consists on two polypeptide chains linked by disulphide bonds

36
Q

what happens to insulin at high concentrations?

A

can form di/tri/tetrameeric structure

37
Q

how is insulin stored? what’s its active form?

A

as a hexameter but is a monomer in active form

38
Q

who may need faster acting insulin

A

active and younger people

39
Q

why cant oral insulin be used

A

denatured in the stomach by digestion

40
Q

formulations available for insulin?

A

injections (IV/SC)
aerosols for inhalation
depot formulations- mr

41
Q

how does tyrosine go to dopamine

A

(tyrosine hydroxylase)- tyrosine —> dihydroxyphenylalanine - this adds a OH
(DOPA decarboxylase)
dihydroxyphenylalanine —-> dopamine - this removes a CO2

42
Q

how does dopamine get converted into adrenaline?

A

(dopamine hydroxylase) DOPAMINE —> NORADRENALINE- this adds an OH
(phenethanolamine N-methyltransferase) noradrenaline–> adrenaline- this adds a CH3

43
Q

what activates the enzyme PNMT that converts noradrenaline to adrenaline?

A

cortisol

44
Q

how can cortisol help in stressful situations?

A

increases the amount of adrenaline

45
Q

are there more adrenaline OR noradrenalin releasing cells in the adrenal medulla?

A

adrenaline by 4 times

46
Q

what is melatonin derived from?

A

tryptophan

47
Q

what causes selectivity in steroid hormones?

A

the rings

48
Q

what do all steroid hormones have the same?

A

the basic C17, 4 ring structure

Patient (19 decks)

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