Hypertensive retinopathy

Question 1

what is grade 1 hypertensive changes?

Answer 1

Mild generalised retinal arteriolar narrowing/attenuation

Question 2

what is grade 2 hypertensive changes?

Answer 2

• Focal arteriolar narrowing/attenuation
• AV nicking
• Copper wiring opacified appearance of arteriolar walls

Question 3

what is grade 3 hypertensive changes?

Answer 3

• Focal arteriolar narrowing/attenuation
• AV nicking
• Copper wiring opacified appearance of arteriolar walls
• Retinal haemorrhages (dot, blot, flame)
• Exudates (chronic retinal oedema may result in the deposition of hard exudate around the fovea as a macular star)
• Cotton wool spots

Question 4

what is grade 4 hypertensive changes?

Answer 4

• Focal arteriolar narrowing/attenuation
• AV nicking
• Copper wiring opacified appearance of arteriolar walls
• Retinal haemorrhages (dot, blot, flame)
• Exudates (chronic retinal oedema may result in the deposition of hard exudate around the fovea as a macular star)
• Cotton wool spots
• optic disc swelling