hypertension

Question 1

mean arterial blood pressure is the

Answer 1

cardiac output vs the vascular resistance of the system

Question 2

cardiac output is affected dby the

Answer 2

stroke volume times the heart rate

Question 3

pre load

Answer 3

venous pressure that fills the heart after it empties, determined by volume status

Question 4

after-load

Answer 4

resistance the heart has to pump against

Question 5

contractility

Answer 5

how much force the heart contracts with

Question 6

largest swings in blood pressure are due to

Answer 6

changes in systemic vascular resistance; increase in CO is rarely the cause of HTN

Question 7

SVR is affected by

Answer 7

• local factors

- humoral factors

Question 8

local factors that affect SVR

Answer 8

vasoconstrictors and vasodilators released by vascular smooth muscles and endothelial cells

Question 9

humoral factors that affect SVR

Answer 9

AII and NE and prostaglandins

Question 10

essential HTN

Answer 10

• 90% of HTN peeps have it
• idiopathic
• onset in 40s adn 50s
• genetic predisposition

Question 11

secondary HTN

Answer 11

• diseased caused
• treating underlying cause can treat HTN
• dx: renal artery stenosis, primary hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma

Question 12

most common form of secondary HTN

Answer 12

chronic kidney disease

Question 13

why does CKD cause HTN

Answer 13

• inability to alter Na handling after BP changes

- ineffective Na excretion

Question 14

how do we sure HTN from CKD

Answer 14

decrease sodium intake and increase sodium excretion by using diuretics

Question 15

HTN peeps have more AII in their system?

Answer 15

yep, this is demonstrated by the significant drop in blood pressure than in normal peeps when ACEi is administered

Question 16

how renal artery stenosis causes HTN

Answer 16

• one kidney stenosis will affect the other due to the increase in RAAS products that will increase SVR and lead to an impaired natriuresis
• bilateral stenosis have a intolerance for ACEi

Question 17

two types of renal artery stenosis

Answer 17

1- atherosclerotic

2- fibromuscular dysplasia

Question 18

how does hyperaldosteronism cause HTN?

Answer 18

• Na retention and hypervolemia

-

Question 19

will hyperaldosteronism have a high renin levels?

Answer 19

nope, low

Question 20

treatment for hyperaldosteronism

Answer 20

K+ sparing diuretics

Question 21

how the activation of the sympathetic nervous system lead to HTN/

Answer 21

• increased adrenergic tone leads to HTN due to:
  1. increased vascular tone
  2. Na retention due to renin release stimulation
  3. contractility increased

Question 22

clinical syndrome of activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 22

palpitations, headaches and flushing