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Phar 471 > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries have a thicker ______ than veins.

A

Tunica media

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2
Q

What is the frank starling law of the heart?

A

The more stretched out the muscle fibres are in the heart the stronger the contraction resulting in greater stroke volume

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3
Q

What are the vasoconstrictors in the body?

A

Ang II, catecholamines, thromboxane, endothelin, vasopressin

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4
Q

What are the vasodilators in the body?

A

Nitric oxide, prostaglandins, kinins

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5
Q

Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors causes smooth muscle ______

A

constriction

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6
Q

Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors causes smooth muscle _______

A

relaxation

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7
Q

High pressure sensing baroreceptors can be found in the _____

A

carotid sinuses and aortic arch

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8
Q

Low pressure sensing baroreceptors can be found int the

A

heart and vena cavae

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9
Q

How does the heart regulate BP?

A

-makes natriuretic peptides which affects the kidneys
-changes stroke volume thereby affecting CO
(CO = HR x SV)

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10
Q

What local factors are secreted by the endothelium?

A

Nitric oxide, endothelin, Ang II

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11
Q

Venous compliance

A

ability of capacitance vessels to distend and increase diameter with increasing pressure

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12
Q

When BP is high, capacitance vessels respond by…

A

dilation/distention causing reduced venous pressure and reduced preload; when preload is reduced end diastolic volume is reduced

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13
Q

What are the effects of natriuretic peptides?

A
  • increase glomerular filtration
  • prevent salt uptake and inhibits renin release (decrease pressure)
  • reduce blood volume
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14
Q

Explain the tubuloglomerular feedback system

A

Low blood volume/low GFR detected by renal tubules; feedback to glomerulus to increase sodium and water reabsorption; blood volume increases

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15
Q

In which organ is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II?

A

Lungs

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16
Q

Define natriuresis

A

sodium excretion in the urine (increase urine)

17
Q

What are the functions of ANP/atrial natriuretic peptides?

A
  • inhibit renin release
  • increase sodium excretion
  • acts as vasodilator in the kidney to increase GFR
18
Q

What is the likelihood of HTN in persons > 60 years old?

A

65%

19
Q

What are the top 3 ethnicities with the highest rates of HTN?

A

African-American 33%, Caucasian 29%, Hispanic 21%

20
Q

What is the threshold BP for hypertensive crisis?

A

180/110

21
Q

Gestational HTN is diagnosed after how many weeks of pregnancy?

A

20 weeks

22
Q

What the initial signs of pre-eclampsia?

A

High blood pressure and large amount of proteins in the urine

23
Q

What BP reading is considered diagnostic of pregnancy HTN?

A

2 readings of 140/90, +6 hours apart

24
Q

What are some drugs that can cause increase in blood pressure?

A

Amphetamines, NSAIDs, cocaine, decongestants, steroids

25
Q

What are some causes for secondary hypertension?

A

Renal disease, cushing’s syndrome, hyper/hypothyroidism, sleep apnea, obesity, pregnancy

26
Q

In primary hypertension, cardiac output is ______, peripheral resistance is _______.

A

normal; the problem

27
Q

Inappropriate peripheral resistance can involve…

A
  • arterial remodelling
  • aorta stiffening
  • decrease production of NO
  • decrease # of capillaries
28
Q

What happens when you have decrease venous compliance?

A

Increase in venous return and increase in preload resulting in diastolic dysfunction and decline in ventricular ability

29
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?

A

Adrenal tumour causing increase in sodium/water reabsorption

30
Q

What are the symptoms of primary aldosteronism/excess aldosterone?

A

Muscle cramps, weakness

31
Q

Cushing’s syndrome causes an excess in _____

A

ADTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone

32
Q

Kidney disease causes the ______ of RAS

A

activation

33
Q

Arteriosclerosis obliterans

A

fibrosis of tunic intima and calcification tunica media - causing loss in elasticity

34
Q

Arteriolosclerosis

A

hyaline or febrotic necrosis of tunica intima/media causing damage to small arteries/arterioles (primarily impacts the kidney)

Phar 471 (5 decks)

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