Anemia

Question 1

Erythrocytes constitute what proportion of blood volume?

Answer 1

40-50%

Question 2

Fetus/infants have which type of hemoglobin?

Answer 2

Hemoglobin F - 2 alpha chains and 2 gamma chains

Question 3

When does erythropoeisis begin?

Answer 3

fetus to 3rd semester

Question 4

In the fetus erythropoeisis can occur in which places?

Answer 4

liver, lymph nodes, spleen

Question 5

Why is carbon monoxide harmful?

Answer 5

It binds competitively to heme

Question 6

What is EPO?

Answer 6

Erythropoetin - glycoprotein hormone produced in the kidney

Question 7

What are the functions of EPO?

Answer 7

• increase hemoglobin synthesis
• stimulate stem cell differentiation into progenitors
• increase mitotic rate
• increase release of reticulocytes from bone marrow

Question 8

In the fetus, EPO are produced in the _______

Answer 8

liver

Question 9

Hemoglobin synthesis starts in which phase of erythropoeisis?

Answer 9

Basophilic erythroblast

Question 10

At which phase of erythropoeisis is the nucleus extruded?

Answer 10

Normoblast

Question 11

Mature erythrocytes are characterized by the loss of _______

Answer 11

ribosomes

Question 12

What is pica?

Answer 12

having appetite for non food substances such as chalk or dirt - iron deficiency in children

Question 13

Aplastic anemia

Answer 13

inadequate synthesis of RBCs by bone marrow

Question 14

Hemolytic anemia

Answer 14

premature destruction and clearing of blood cells

Question 15

What is the diagnostic criteria of anemia based on hemoglobin levels?

Answer 15

Women < 120g/L

Question 16

What are the causes for normocytic/normochromic anemia?

Answer 16

chronic disease, blood loss, hemolysis, renal failure, autoimmune/endocrine disease

Question 17

Thalassemia

Answer 17

autosomal recessive disorder causing malproduction of hgb/rbcs

Question 18

Iron deficiency is microcytic or macrocytic?

Answer 18

microcytic - smaller than normal red blood cells

Question 19

Schilling test

Answer 19

Test for pernicious anemia using radioactive B12

Question 20

What percent of radioactive B12 if detected in the urine across 24 hours is considered pernicious anemia?

Answer 20

< 5%

Question 21

MCH/Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

Answer 21

average mass of hemoglobin per RBC

Hemoglobin/number of RBC

Question 22

MCHC/Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

Answer 22

average concentration of hgb per RBC

Hemoglobin/Total Hematocrit

Question 23

Hematocrit (Hct)

Answer 23

volume RBC's in unit blood volume
in percentages (%) women 42%

Question 24

Mean corpuscular volume

Answer 24

average RBC volume

total hematocrit/#actual RBCs

Question 25

With macrocytic anemia, you can have abnormal ___ metabolism which can result in permanent _______.

Answer 25

DNA; neurological damage

Question 26

What are the symptoms of macrocytic anemia?

Answer 26

Numbness, tremors, memory loss, psychosis

Question 27

Prolonged use of acid suppression therapy can cause which type of anemia?

Answer 27

B12 deficient anemia

Question 28

What 2 drugs can disrupt folate uptake/utilization?

Answer 28

Phenytoin, phenobarbitol

Question 29

What are the 3 mechanisms responsible for anemia in chronic disease?

Answer 29

- shortened erythrocyte survival - inadequate EPO response in bone marrow - disruption of iron metabolism