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Phar 471 > Cardiac Arrhythmia > Flashcards

Cardiac Arrhythmia Flashcards

1
Q

Mitral valve

A

AV valve/bicuspid valve - left side

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2
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

AV valve - right side

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3
Q

Aortic valve

A

Semilunar valve - left side

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4
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Semilunar valve right - side

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5
Q

Isovolumic ventricular contraction

A

myocytes contract; all valves closed; NO filling

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6
Q

Ventricular ejection

A

Blood pumped to body/lungs, SL valves open

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7
Q

Isovolumic ventricular relaxation

A

all valves closed, atrial filling

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8
Q

Early diastole

A

AV valves open, 80% passive filling

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9
Q

Arterial systole

A

Atrial contraction, AV valves open, 20% more filling of ventricles

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10
Q

Action Potential phase 0

A

rapid deploarization; influx of Na in regular cardiocytes, influx of calcium in SA/AV nodes

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11
Q

Action Potential phase 1

A

transient potassium channels open, potassium efflux

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12
Q

AP phase 2

A

sustained muscle contraction; calcium influx, potassium efflux

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13
Q

AP phase 3

A

rapid repolarization; amplified K efflux, calcium channels closed

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14
Q

AP phase 4

A

resting membrane potential; membrane is slowly depolarizing through funny channels (HCN)

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15
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Phase 0-3; impossible due to inactivation of ion channels

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16
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Phase 3-4; require stronger stimulus

17
Q

Which wave (ECG) represents AP conduction from atrium to ventricle?

A

PR interval

18
Q

Which wave (ECG) represents ventricle repolarization?

A

T wave

19
Q

Which wave (ECG) represents ventricle depolarization?

A

QRS complex

20
Q

Which wave (ECG) represents atrial depolarization?

A

P wave

21
Q

The 12 lead Holter ECG has two leads, the chest and the limb. Which lead measures activity in the frontal plane?

A

Limb - I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF

22
Q

What are the physical causes that can result in changes in automaticity?

A

Ischemia, scarring, electrolyte disturbances, medications, advanced age - thickening of heart tissues

23
Q

Formation defect

A

Enhanced automaticity or Triggered automaticity = Disturbance in impulse formation leading to changes in automaticity

24
Q

Re-entry is a disturbance in impulse _________

A

conduction

25
Q

Enhanced automaticity

A

ectopic foci causing abnormal AP conduction, resulting in accelerated pacemaker rate = tachycardia

26
Q

EAD - early afterdepolarization

A

depolarization during phase 2 or 3 - inappropriate opening of sodium or calcium channels

27
Q

DAD - delayed afterdepolarization

A

depolarization during phase 4

28
Q

Requirements for re-entry conduction defect

A
  • potential circular conduction pathway
  • block within a part of the circuit
  • delayed conduction in remainder of the circuit
29
Q

AV bundle of kent

A

accessory connection in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

30
Q

Type B accessory pathway

A

through right bundle branch

31
Q

Type A accessory pathway

A

through left bundle branch

32
Q

Wolff-parkinson-white syndrome causes what type of tachycardia?

A

Re-entrant supraventricular tachycardia

33
Q

In premature ventricular contractions, the premature beat originates in the ______________

A

Purkinje fibres

34
Q

Which type of arrhythmia is caused by a single ectopic dominant reentry loop?

A

Atrial flutter

35
Q

Which type of arrhythmia has normal ventricle activities - a normal QRS at normal intervals?

A

Atrial flutter

36
Q

Which arrhythmia is characterized by a skipped heart beat?

A

Premature ventricular contraction

37
Q

What does the ECG of atrial fibrillation look like?

A

No p wave, irregular QRS

38
Q

Ventricular fibrillation ECG

A

Irregular large QRS complexes

39
Q

In ventricular fibrillation, what is happening to the ventricles?

A

Ventricular quivers - rapid, uncoordinated, inefficient contractions resulting in no cardiac output

Phar 471 (5 decks)

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