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Cardiopulmonary > Hypertension (2) > Flashcards

Hypertension (2) Flashcards

1
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

<120 AND <80

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2
Q

Elevated blood pressure

A

120-129 AND <80

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3
Q

Hypertension stage 1

A

130-139 OR 80-89

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4
Q

Hypertension stage 2

A

> 140 OR >90

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5
Q

When should the diagnosis of hypertension be established?

A

2 or more high readings on 2 or more separate occasions

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6
Q

How many Americans have hypertension?

A

1 in 3

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7
Q

What has the strongest evidence for cause of CVD?

A

High BP

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8
Q

Why is hypertension called the silent killer?

A

Patients are often asymptomatic

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9
Q

What percentage of hypertension has an unknown etiology (essential hypertension)?

A

90%

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10
Q

What does blood pressure equal?

A

CO x TPR

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11
Q

How does peripheral resistance contribute to BP?

A

Circulating regulators

Local regulators

SNS

Blood viscosity

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12
Q

How does CO contribute to blood pressure?

A

HR and SV

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13
Q

What are the BP regulatory mechanisms?

A

Baroreceptor reflex

Renin angiotensin-aldosterone system

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14
Q

Review baroreceptor reflex and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A
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15
Q

What are the 4 systems behind hypertension?

A

Heart

Kidneys

Hormones

Blood vessel tone

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16
Q

What are environmental factors linked to hypertension?

A

Diet

Exercise

Poor access to health care

Low socioeconomic status

Comorbidities

17
Q

What can chronically elevated BP cause?

A

Organ complications

18
Q

How does organ damage occur from elevated BP?

A

Increased workload of heart

Arterial damage (weakened vessel walls and accelerated atherosclerosis)

19
Q

What organs are affected from elevated BP?

A

Heart

Cerebrovascular system

Aorta

Peripheral vascular system

Kidney

Retina

20
Q

What do patients die from if elevated BP is left untreated?

A

CAD

Stroke

Renal failure

21
Q

What is hypertensive crisis?

A

Medical emergency due to severe elevation of BP and potential acute end organ damage

22
Q

What percentage of hypertensive crisis are urgencies?

A

75% (no signs of organ damage)

23
Q

What percentage of hypertensive crisis are emergencies?

A

25% (signs of organ damage)

24
Q

What can a hypertensive crisis cause?

A

Increased intracranial pressure

Acute damage to retinal vessels

CVA

25
Q

What may increase Afterload due to a hypertensive crisis cause?

A

LV dysfunction

Acute coronary syndrome

Pulmonary edema

26
Q

What is hypotension?

A

SBP < 90 OR DBP < 60

27
Q

What are causes of hypotension?

A

Hemorrhage or dehydration

Cardiogenic insufficiency

Acute MI

Medications

28
Q

When is hypotension concerning?

A

If signs and symptoms are present or they had a pre existing medical condition (heart disease)

29
Q

What are the non drug treatments for hypertension?

A

Weight loss

Diet

Salt restrictions

Exercise

30
Q

What percentage of obesity contributes to hypertension?

A

40-60%

31
Q

How much did BP drop for each 10kg of weight lost?

A

5-20 mmHg of SBP

32
Q

What is the best diet for BP management?

A

DASH diet (limit alcohol)

33
Q

When should salt restrictions be considered in managing BP?

A

When their kidneys cannot deal with excess salt

34
Q

How much can aerobic exercise decrease SBP?

A

5-8 mmHg

35
Q

How much can resistance exercise decrease SBP?

A

4 mmHg

36
Q

What is the role of physical therapists in managing BP?

A

Screening

Education

Pain management

37
Q

What are the 4 main classes of medication for hypertension?

A

ACE inhibiors and ARB

Beta blockers (sympatholytics)

Calcium channel blockers (vasodilators)

Diuretics

Cardiopulmonary (20 decks)

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