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Cardiopulmonary > Heart Failure (2) > Flashcards

Heart Failure (2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Inability of the heart to eject blood to meet the demands of the body while maintaining normal pressures in its chambers and lungs

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2
Q

What are symptoms of heart failure?

A

SOB, fluid retention, fatigue, Orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal Dyspnea

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3
Q

How many deaths occur due to heart failure?

A

1 in 9 (most common in > 65 y/o)

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4
Q

What is the most common cause of heart failure?

A

Ischemic heart disease

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5
Q

When is your lifetime risk for developing heart failure greater?

A

When BP is > 160/90 mmHg

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6
Q

What are the three main categories of cardiomyopathies?

A

Dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive

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7
Q

What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Increased cardiac mass and dilation of all 4 chambers with no wall thickening (systolic dysfunction)

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8
Q

What is eventually developed in dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Left and right ventricular failure

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9
Q

What occurs in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Increase in cardiac mass that may be symmetrical or asymmetrical

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10
Q

What is affected in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Diastolic dysfunction due to abnormal LV relaxation (systolic function is normal)

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11
Q

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

Restriction of ventricular filling caused by endocardial or myocardial disease (ventricular walls lose compliance and become rigid)

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12
Q

What is affected in restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

Diastolic dysfunction

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13
Q

What is affected in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Diastolic dysfunction

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14
Q

What is affected in dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Systolic dysfunction

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15
Q

What is the most common type of cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilated

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16
Q

What affect does kidneys have on heart failure?

A

Decreased CO leads to renal sodium and water retention which leads to restoration of organ perfusion which leads to increased vascular resistance

17
Q

What is the viscous cycle?

A

Ventricular dysfunction

Decreased CO

Compensations

Excessive vasoconstrictions and Na/water retention

Increased Afterload and excessive preload

18
Q

What are compensations of the vicious cycle?

A

Increased SNS

Increased RAS-aldosterone

Increased ADH

19
Q

What is pre load?

A

Degree of myocardial distention prior to shortening (depends on amount of ventricular filling)

20
Q

What is after load?

A

Force against which the ventricles must act in order to eject blood (dependent on arterial blood pressure and vascular tone)

21
Q

What is the normal value for ejection fraction?

A

55-75%

22
Q

What is most common risk factor of systolic heart failure?

A

Ischemic heart disease

23
Q

What is the most common risk factor for diastolic heart disease?

A

Hypertension

24
Q

What classifies someone to have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?

A

<40% ejection fraction (systolic HF)

25
Q

What classifies someone to have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?

A

> 50% ejection fraction (diastolic HF)

26
Q

What classifies someone to have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction borderline?

A

41-49%

27
Q

What classifies someone to have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction improved?

A

> 40%

28
Q

NYHA class 1

A

No limitations on PA and ordinary PA does not cause symptoms

29
Q

NYHA class 2

A

Slight limitation of PA, comfortable at rest, ordinary PA causes symptoms

30
Q

NYHA class 3

A

Marked limitation of PA, comfortable at rest, less than ordinary PA causes symptoms

31
Q

NYHA class 4

A

Unable to perform PA, symptoms at rest

32
Q

What is ACC/AHA stage A?

A

Patient at high risk for developing HF with no structural disorder of heart

33
Q

What is ACC/AHA stage B?

A

Patient has structural disorder of heart but no symptoms of HF

34
Q

What is ACC/AHA stage C?

A

Patient has past or current symptoms of HF associated with structural heart disease

35
Q

What is ACC/AHA stage D?

A

Patient with end stage disease who requires specialized treatment strategies

Cardiopulmonary (20 decks)

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