hypertension Flashcards
what is hypertension?
consistent increase in systemic arterial bp
what is pre hypertension characterized by?
120/80-139/89
what is stage 1 hypertension characterized by?
140/90-159/99
what is stage 2 hypertension characterized by?
> 160/100
what are the causes of stage 1 HTN?
no known cause
what are the causes of stage 2 HTN
change in hemodynamics associated with a primary disease such as renal failure
what are the risk factors of HTN?
family history, increased age, male, obesity, Na intake, smoking
what do HR and SV effect?
flow
what does viscosity and vessel diameter effect?
resistance
what are the effects on vessel walls?
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells in vessel walls. The lumen of the vessels become smaller raising total peripheral resistance and blood pressure.
- damage vessel walls and initiates atherosclerosis. Plaques decrease the lumen of vessels, which increases total peripheral resistance and blood pressure.
- damage the lining of vessels and makes the endothelium more permeable. Calcium ions flow into deeper layers of vessel walls into the smooth muscle cells. The increased calcium ions increases the responsiveness of the smooth muscle cells to vasoconstrictors. The increased vasoconstriction decreases the lumen of the vessels, increasing total peripheral resistance and blood pressure.
what primary vasodilator is the endothelium less responsive to due to vessel lining damage?
nitrous oxide
what is HTN a silent killer?
because you can be asymptomatic to point of progression of causing death
what are the non-specific symptoms of HTN?
headache, dizziness, blurred vision, nausea
how it HTN detected?
usually a routine bp check
what can HTN cause?
left ventricular hypertrophy
transient ischemia attacks
stokes
renal failure
