Anemia's Flashcards
what anemia is due to the lack of b12?
pernicious anemia
how do we classify pernicious anemia?
macrocytic normochromic
how is pernicious anemia created? (cause)
Gastrectomy
Commonly diagnosed at 60
Atrophy of gastric mucosa
Autoimmune disorder
(lack of intrinsic factor needed for b12 absorption)
what happens to RBC’s that are produced without intrinsic factor?
they are phagocytized in the bone marrow before maturing (b12 involved in DNA integrity)
what are the clinical manifestations of pernicious anemia?
Weakness and fatigue
Beefy red tongue from inflammation
Jaundice
Abdominal pain
Neurological symptoms -nerve demyelination
how do you treat pernicious anemia?
b12 shot to help with absorption
why is folate important?
Folic acid is necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis
lack of folate is associated with neural tube defects in the fetus
who is common to have folate deficiencies?
alcoholics, and those with chronic malnourishment
what is the treatment for folate anemia?
folic acid supplements
what is folate anemia classified as?
Macrocytic-normochromic
what is iron deficiency anemia characterized as?
Microcytic-hypochromic anemia
who is most at risk for iron deficiency anemia?
Older adults - choking, may not have a nutritious diet, may be told by their doc to not eat certain things, troubles with absorption due to meds
Women - menstruation, losing RBCs
Infants - not nutritious enough formula or breast milk
People in poverty - meat is expensive
what are the causes of iron deficiency anemia?
Inadequate diet
Chronic blood loss
Chronic parasitic infection
Menorrhagia
what re stages of iron deficiency anemia?
First, there is more demand for iron than the supply
Stage I - iron storages depleted
Stage II - iron transport to bone marrow diminished - iron deficient RBCs
Stage III - small, iron deficient cells enter bloodstream to replace old RBCs
heme iron:
red meat, 25% is absorbed by RBC’s
non-heme iron:
leafy greens, 1% is absorbed by RBC’s
what are the clinical manifestations of iron deficiency anemia?
Weakness and fatigue
shortness of breath
Red tongue
Pallor earlobes
Brittle fingernails
what are the three types of normocytic normochromic anemia?
aplastic anemia
post-hemoratic anemia
hemolytic anemia
what is normocytic normochromic anemia?
insufficient # of cells
what are the causes of normocytic normochromic anemia?
Acute blood loss
Sickle cell anemia
Anemia of chronic diseases
what is aplastic anemia?
reduction all 3 cells (RBC, WBC, platelets)
what is aplastic anemia normally caused by?
autoimmune disorders
chemical exposure- benzene, arsenic, chemotherapy
what are the treatments for aplastic anemia?
bone marrow transplant, immunosuppressants
what is post-hemoratic anemia caused by?
acute blood loss
how do you treat post-hemoratic anemia?
blood transfusion
what is hemolytic anemia?
accelerated destruction RBC’s
what are the two types of hemolytic anemia?
congenital (intrinsic)
acquired (extrinsic)
what are the causes of congenital hemolytic anemia?
1.defective plasma membranes
2. enzyme deficiencies-makes cells more fragile
3. defective hemoglobin synthesis (sickle cell)
what are the causes of acquired hemolytic anemia?
- autoimmune hemolytic anemias
- dialysis
- artificial heart valves
- infectious hemolysis
- toxic hemolysis
what re symptoms of hemolytic anemia?
-could be asymptomatic
jaundice
splenomegaly
what are the treatments for congenital hemolytic anemia?
treatment of the underlying autoimmune disorder
1st line: corticosteroids
2nd line: splenectomy+ritvximab
what are the treatment for acquired hemolytic anemia?
removal of the cause
